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. 2019 Dec 16;9:19153. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55579-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The 3DEP system comprises two components, a chip (a) which is inserted into an instrument unit. The chip measures approximately 20 × 30 mm. (b) shown here with door closed (left) and open to show the optical path and chip (right). The chip contains 20 wells, transparent along their central axis and joined by a gasket on the underside to allow all 20 wells to be filled simultaneously. When inserted in the instrument, each well is connected to a signal generator providing up to 20 V_pp and as high as 45 MHz; with all 20 wells energised with different frequencies a spectrum can be obtained in ten seconds. The instrument also contains control circuitry and an optical system for data acquisition.