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. 2019 Dec 16;9:19196. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55534-8

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© The Author(s) 2019, corrected publication 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Viability of Apis mellifera exposed to xenobiotics. Means with standard errors from three experiments are represented. The percent viability of bees after 24 h and 48 his plotted against the concentration of xenobiotics. Bees were injected with 2 µl of water (Control), carbendazim (C, 2 mM), glyphosate (G, 32 mM) and/or thiamethoxam (T) individually or in combinations at indicated concentrations. The 24 h is indicated by lighter colour and the 48 h time-point by a darker colour.