TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population1
| ICR | CCR | Control | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 49; 49% women) | (n = 49; 49% women) | (n = 52; 52% women) | |
| Age, y | 49.4 ± 9.0 | 50.5 ± 8.0 | 50.7 ± 7.1 |
| Weight, kg | 96.4 ± 15.8 | 92.5 ± 15.7 | 93.3 ± 13.3 |
| Height, cm | 173.3 ± 9.7 | 171.9 ± 9.9 | 173.1 ± 9.9 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.0 ± 3.8 | 31.2 ± 4.0 | 31.1 ± 3.6 |
| Visceral adipose tissue volume,2 cm³ | 4817.8 ± 1889.1 | 4894.5 ± 2178.3 | 4943.1 ± 2267.4 |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue volume,2 cm³ | 12,821.6 ± 4267.2 | 12,193.1 ± 3996.6 | 11,944.8 ± 3845.2 |
| Education level,3n (%) | |||
| Primary school | 7 (14.3) | 5 (10.6) | 3 (3.9) |
| Secondary school certificate | 11 (22.5) | 14 (29.8) | 17 (32.7) |
| Higher education entrance qualification | 31 (62.3) | 28 (59.6) | 33 (63.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 139.4 ± 18.7 | 136.0 ± 16.7 | 136.0 ± 12.5 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 87.2 ± 9.9 | 87.3 ± 8.7 | 87.8 ± 7.3 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 92.7 ± 7.5 | 93.9 ± 7.5 | 93.5 ± 7.4 |
| Insulin, mU/L | 11.6 ± 5.4 | 12.6 ± 6.9 | 12.7 ± 7.3 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.8 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 54.1 ± 14.4 | 56.2 ± 16.3 | 51.8 ± 11.8 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 124.5 ± 22.4 | 122.5 ± 31.5 | 130.4 ± 27.3 |
1Values are means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated,n = 150. CCR, continuous calorie restriction; ICR, intermittent calorie restriction.
2Abdominal adipose tissue phenotyping with magnetic resonance tomography imaging was initiated for 145 individuals who gave their additional informed consent to participate in the magnetic resonance-imaging module of the HELENA Trial.
3Two participants did not state their educational level.