Table 1.
Characteristics and outcomes of included patients
| All patients | AKI | Non-AKI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 3107 (100%) | 1584 (50.9%) | 1523 (49.1%) | |
| Age (years) | 64 (51–77) | 67 (53–78) | 62(49–74) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 1912 (61.5%) | 970 (61.2%) | 942 (61.9%) | 0.74 |
| Baseline SCr | 77 (60.2–93) | 79 (63–94) | 74 (58.8–89) | < 0.001 |
| APACHE II score | 14 (10–20) | 17 (12–23) | 12 (8–16) | < 0.001 |
| SAPS II score | 34 (26–45) | 39 (30–52) | 29 (23–38) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA score | 6 (3–8) | 7 (4–10) | 4 (2–7) | < 0.001 |
| Non-renal SOFA score | 5 (3–8) | 6 (4–9) | 4 (2–6) | < 0.001 |
| Co-morbidity | ||||
| CHD | 615 (19.8%) | 370 (23.4%) | 245 (16.1%) | < 0.001 |
| CHF (NYHA IV) | 217 (7.0%) | 152 (9.6%) | 65 (4.3%) | < 0.001 |
| HT | 1222 (39.3%) | 687 (43.4%) | 535 (35.1%) | < 0.001 |
| DM | 532 (17.1%) | 320 (20.2%) | 212 (13.9%) | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 166 (5.3%) | 98 (6.2%) | 68 (4.5%) | 0.038 |
| CKD | 203 (6.5%) | 167 (10.5%) | 36 (2.4%) | < 0.001 |
| CLF | 91 (2.9%) | 53 (3.3%) | 38 (2.5%) | 0.168 |
| Sources of patients | ||||
| ED | 774 (24.9%) | 440 (27.8%) | 334 (21.9%) | < 0.001 |
| general wards | 586 (18.9%) | 383 (24.2%) | 203 (13.3%) | < 0.001 |
| post-operation | 1627 (52.4%) | 692 (43.7%) | 935 (61.4%) | < 0.001 |
| other ICUs | 31 (1.0%) | 21 (1.3%) | 10 (0.7%) | < 0.001 |
| other hospitals | 89 (2.9%) | 48 (3.0%) | 41 (2.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Medications before admission | ||||
| Aminoglycosides | 47 (1.5%) | 30 (1.9%) | 17 (1.1%) | 0.079 |
| Glycopeptide antibiotics | 50 (1.6%) | 32 (2.0%) | 18 (1.2%) | 0.065 |
| Radio-contrast media | 560 (18%) | 305 (19.3%) | 255 (16.7%) | 0.069 |
| Mannitol | 92 (3.0%) | 45 (2.8%) | 47 (3.1%) | 0.751 |
| NSAIDs | 253 (8.1%) | 152 (9.6%) | 101 (6.6%) | 0.003 |
| ACEI/ARB | 523 (16.8%) | 281 (17.1%) | 242 (15.9%) | 0.179 |
| Statin | 352 (11.3%) | 184 (11.6%) | 168 (11.0%) | 0.611 |
| SCr | 83 (62–116) | 105.4 (72–161) | 70.8 (56.7–89) | < 0.001 |
| Sepsis | 641 (20.6%) | 459 (29.0%) | 182 (12.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Organ failure | ||||
| Respiratory failure | 811 (26.1%) | 538 (34.0%) | 273(17.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Acute hepatic failure | 53 (1.7%) | 37 (2.3%) | 16 (1.1%) | 0.006 |
| Hematologic failure | 44 (1.4%) | 34 (2.1%) | 10 (0.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Shock | 484(15.6%) | 353(22.3%) | 131 (8.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 117 (3.8%) | 96 (6.1%) | 21 (1.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypovolemic shock | 201 (6.5%) | 130 (8.2%) | 71 (4.7%) | 0.004 |
| Septic shock | 222 (7.1%) | 173 (10.9%) | 49 (3.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Obstructive shock | 4 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | < 0.001 |
| MV | 2344 (75.4%) | 1260 (79.5%) | 1084 (71.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressors | 930 (29.9%) | 480 (30.3%) | 450 (29.5%) | 0.666 |
| Inotropic agents | 665 (21.4%) | 366 (23.1%) | 299 (19.6%) | 0.02 |
| Diuretics | 1650 (53.1%) | 1067 (67.4%) | 583 (38.3%) | < 0.001 |
| WH/WD | 691 (22.2%) | 398 (25.1%) | 293 (19.2%) | < 0.001 |
| ICU mortality | 395 (12.7%) | 346 (21.8%) | 49 (3.2%) | < 0.001 |
| 28-day mortality | 542 (17.4%) | 438 (27.7%) | 104 (6.8%) | < 0.001 |
| ICU-LOS (days) | 4(2–10) | 5.5 (3–11) | 3 (2–6) | < 0.001 |
| ICU overall costs (RMB) | 32,000 (17000–74,000) | 42,000(21000–95,000) | 26,000 (14000–51,000) | < 0.001 |
| ICU daily costs (RMB) | 6500 (4500–10,000) | 6667 (4826–10,182) | 6333 (4333–10,000) | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as n (proportion) or median (interquartile range)
AKI Acute kidney injury, SCr Serum creatinine, CHD Coronary heart disease, CHF Chronic heart failure, NYHA the New York heart association functional classification, HT Hypertension, DM Diabetes mellitus, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD Chronic kidney disease, CLF Chronic liver failure, APACHE II Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II, SAPS II Simplified acute physiology score II, SOFA Sequential organ failure assessment score non-renal, SOFA Sequential organ failure assessment score without the renal component, ED Emergency department, ICU Intensive care unit, NSAIDs Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ACEI Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin receptor blocker, MV Mechanical ventilation, WH/WD Withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy