(A) Bioavailability of a 3 mg/kg IP MDPV dose in male and female SD rats, *p<0.05 statistically different from male rats (mean ± SD, n=5–6/sex, data from (Hambuchen et al., 2017a), (B) serum MDPV concentrations (mean ± SD, n=7/sex) 2 h after the final 4th binge dose in male and female SD rats, and (C) and (D) male and female (respectively) MDPV concentrations from Fig. 5B replotted on the simulated serum MDPV concentrations over a 9 h time period.