Fig. 2.

Impact of hyperparameters. Multiple configurations can have an impact on performance. In this illustration example, two optimization approaches have different sensitivities with respect to the choice of tolerances controlling the numerical error of ODE integration. Moreover, both approaches have different optimal choices for this hyperparameter. For most integration tolerances, approach B is superior. However, approach A displays the overall best performance for optimally chosen tolerances. This illustration example highlights the importance of the evaluation of hyperparameters for drawing valid conclusions