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. 2019 Oct 10;36(12):1143–1153. doi: 10.1002/da.22962

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Failure to habituate within families genetically enriched for social anxiety disorder. (a) The LFLSAD sample comprises families who were invited to participate based on the combination of a primary diagnosis of SAD in a parent (age 25–55 years old; “proband”; depicted in red) and a proband's child with SAD (red) or subclinical SAD (orange). Furthermore, family members of two generations were invited (age ≥8 years), independent from the presence of SAD within these family members (no SAD: light blue; did not participate: gray). Grandparents (white) were not invited to participate. Squares and circles represent men and women, respectively. This figure is a modified reprint of Figure 1 of Bas‐Hoogendam, Harrewijn et al. (2018). (b) The habituation paradigm during functional (f)MRI scanning. (c) Significant habituation responses (brain activation “first half > last half”) in the bilateral amygdala, BNST, hippocampus, primary visual cortex, fusiform face area, extrastriate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex (n = 105). Coordinates of displayed slices (MNI, x, y, z): 26, 2, −26 (left and right images); 24, −2, −26 (middle image). Images are displayed according to radiological convention: right in the image is left in the brain. (d) Negative association between SA‐level and habituation in the right amygdala and right hippocampus. Coordinates of displayed slices (MNI, x, y, z): 26, −10, −26 (left and right images); 26, −2, −20 (middle image). (e) SA‐level was positively related with brain activation levels during the presentation of the faces in the last half of the blocks, while there was no correlation between SA and activation during the first half of the presentation blocks. (f) Heritability of brain activation in the right hippocampus. Coordinates of displayed slices (MNI, x, y, z): 34, − 34, − 8. BNST, bed nucleus of stria terminalis; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; LFLSAD, Leiden Family Lab study on SAD; MNI, montreal neurological institute; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SA, social anxiety; SAD, social anxiety disorder