Table 1.
Characteristics of participants within the LFLSAD
| (Sub)clinical SAD (n = 37) a | No SAD (n = 61) | Statistical analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Male/female (n) | 18/19 | 31/30 | χ 2(1) = 0.04, p = 0.84 b |
| Generation 1/Generation 2 (n) | 19/18 | 27/34 | χ 2(1) = 0.47, p = 0.50 b |
| Age in years (mean ± SD, range) | 31.3 ± 15.2, 9.2–59.6 | 31.6 ± 15.2, 9.4–61.5 | β ± SE = −0.3 ± 3.1, p = 0.93 c |
| Estimated IQ (mean ± SD) | 103.8 ± 12.0 | 105.5 ± 10.5 | β ± SE = −2.0 ± 2.2, p = 0.36 c |
| Diagnostic information (n) | |||
| Clinical SAD | 17 | 0 | χ 2(1) = 33.9, p < .001 b |
| Depressive episode present | 1 | 1 | χ 2(1) = 0.2, p = .69 b |
| Depressive episode past | 12 | 9 | χ 2(1) = 4.9, p = .03 b |
| Dysthymia present | 3 | 0 | χ 2(1) = 5.4, p = .02 b |
| Dysthymia past | 1 | 1 | χ 2(1) = 0.2, p = .65 b |
| Panic disorder lifetime | 5 | 2 | χ 2(1) = 4.0, p = .05 b |
| Agoraphobia present | 3 | 2 | χ 2(1) = 1.3, p = .26 b |
| Agoraphobia past | 0 | 2 | χ 2(1) = 1.2, p = .28 b |
| Separation anxiety | 0 | 1 | χ 2(1) = 0.8, p = .38 b |
| Specific phobia | 2 | 3 | χ 2(1) = 0.02, p = .89 b |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1 | 0 | χ 2(1) = 1.8, p = .19 b |
| Obsessive‐compulsive disorder | 1 | 0 | χ 2(1) = 1.8, p = .19 b |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 3 | 1 | χ 2(1) = 2.5, p = .11 b |
| Alcohol dependency present | 1 | 1 | χ 2(1) = 0.2, p = .70 b |
| Alcohol dependency lifetime | 1 | 3 | χ 2(1) = 0.2, p = .62 b |
| Present psychotropic medication | 4 | 3 | χ 2(1) = 1.1, p = .30 b |
| Antidepressants | 3 | 0 | |
| ADHD medication (methylphenidate) | 1 | 3 | |
| Self‐report measures | |||
| Social anxiety symptoms (z‐score; mean ± SD) | 2.9 ± 3.3 | 0.6 ± 1.5 | β ± SE = 2.5 ± 0.5, p < .001 c |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; LFLSAD, Leiden Family Lab study on SAD; SA, social anxiety; SAD, social anxiety disorder; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error.
a
Due to technical reasons, data on the presence of subclinical SAD were lost for seven family members. Data from these participants were, however, included in the endophenotype analyses using SA‐level (z‐score) as a predictor (n = 105).
b
χ 2 Tests in SPSS (version 25).
c
Regression models in R (https://www.r-project.org), in which genetic correlations between family members were modeled by including random effects.