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. 2019 Nov 18;37(12):1595–1605. doi: 10.1002/stem.3083

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©2019 The Authors. stem cells published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of AlphaMed Press 2019

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Effect of growth factors or inhibitors against map kinases (MAPKs) under serum‐free culture conditions. (A): Phosphorylation status of TGFβ‐activated kinase 1 (Tak1) under various growth factor stimulations. (B): Dose‐dependent mitogenic effect of TGFβ1 on the serum‐free culture of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). Cells were stained with crystal violet dye. (C): Colony formation assay after limited dilution. Cells were stained with crystal violet dye. (D): Relative cell numbers after 7 days culture under each inhibitor treatment conditions. Asterisks represent significant differences (p < .05, n = 3) compared with nontreatment control. Abbreviation: pTak1, phosphorylated Tak1.