Table 2.

The gas-exchange characteristics and the light and CO₂-response curve parameters of L. chinensis in the plots with different grazing intensities

	Control	LG	MG	HG
Pn (μmol m−2 s−1)	8.46 ± 0.99a	1.64 ± 0.14bc	0.75 ± 0.34c	3.24 ± 0.76b
Tr (mmol m−2 s−1)	0.67 ± 0.09d	1.98 ± 0.24b	1.46 ± 0.12c	2.73 ± 0.01a
WUE (μmol mmol−1)	13.65 ± 3.77a	0.83 ± 0.02b	0.51 ± 0.23b	1.18 ± 0.28b
LSP (μmol·m−2 s−1)	492 ± 1.2b	712 ± 4.5a	501 ± 6.4b	542 ± 2.8b
LCP (μmol·m−2 s−1)	68 ± 3.2a	28 ± 1.2b	54 ± 4.1a	32 ± 2.0b
Rd (μmol·m−2 s−1)	2.50 ± 0.18a	1.37 ± 1.24b	2.84 ± 0.21a	1.22 ± 1.28b
AQY (μmol CO2 μmol−1)	0.039 ± 0.01b	0.049 ± 0.02a	0.037 ± 0.01b	0.039 ± 0.01b
Jmax (μmol·m−2 s−1)	22.42 ± 1.32d	48.10 ± 2.40a	27.49 ± 2.34c	31.19 ± 1.36b
Vcmax (μmol·m−2 s−1)	21.89 ± 0.24c	44.30 ± 5.42a	27.34 ± 1.86b	28.29 ± 3.42b
VTPU (μmol·m−2 s−1)	5.22 ± 0.23c	10.27 ± 0.89a	6.82 ± 0.58b	6.25 ± 0.56b
Jmax/Vcmax	1.024 ± 0.02b	1.085 ± 0.03b	1.005 ± 0.01c	1.102 ± 0.03a

Values are means ± SE (n = 3). Values of a parameter labeled with different letters differ significantly between light intensities (ANOVA followed by LSD test, P < 0.05)

Control no grazing, LG light grazing, MG medium grazing, HG heavy grazing, P_n net photosynthetic rate, T_r transpiration rate, WUE water-use efficiency, LSP light saturation point, LCP light compensation point, R_d dark respiration rate, AQY apparent quantum yield, J_max maximum electron transport rate, V_cmax maximum carboxylation efficiency, V_TPU triose phosphate utilization rate