. 2019 Sep 11;28(12):2257–2269. doi: 10.1002/pon.5214

Table 2.

Pooled post‐intervention and follow‐up effects of mindfulness‐based interventions on psychological and physical health outcomes and proposed mediators in cancer patients and survivors

	Sample size		Heterogeneity^b				Global effect sizes
Post‐intervention	K	N	Q	df	P	I²	Hedges's g ^c	95% CI	P	Failsafe N^d	Criterion^e
Psychological distress^a	29	3274	45.1	28	.022	37.9	0.32	0.22‐0.41	<.001	536	155
Adj. for publication bias ^f	(31)						0.29	0.19‐0.40	‐
Anxiety	13	1396	18.4	12	.104	34.8	0.36	0.22‐0.51	<.001	138	75
Adj. for publication bias ^f	(15)						0.33	0.15‐0.50	‐
Depression	13	1406	34.7	12	.001	65.4	0.38	0.18‐0.58	<.001	126	75
PTSD symptoms	6	482	4.4	5	.488	0.0	0.09	−0.08‐0.27	.299	‐	‐
Fear of cancer recurrence	4	838	3.7	3	.291	19.8	0.29	0.12‐0.45	.001	13	30
Pain	4	587	5.7	3	.125	47.7	0.18	−0.07‐0.43	.152	‐	‐
Sleep disturbance	8	1021	28.0	7	<.001	75.0	0.22	−0.07‐0.50	.137	‐	‐
Fatigue	6	626	11.9	5	<.036	58.1	0.51	0.22‐0.79	.001	43	40
Quality of life	9	987	34.2	8	<.001	76.6	0.26	−0.02‐0.55	.066	‐	‐
Mindfulness skills	17	2138	28.9	16	.025	44.5	0.23	0.11‐0.36	<.001	93	95
Self‐compassion	6	335	2.4	5	.796	0.0	0.42	0.21‐0.64	<.001	20	40
Rumination	3	361	2.7	2	.258	26.3	0.43	0.14‐0.72	.003	7	25
Follow‐up
Psychological distress^a	18	2207	28.6	17	.038	40.6	0.19	0.07‐0.30	002	76	100
Anxiety	8	1048	15.7	7	.028	55.3	0.36	0.15‐0.56	.001	51	50
Depression	8	1058	13.9	7	.053	49.7	0.20	0.01‐0.40	.040	14	50
PTSD symptoms	6	482	5.2	5	.386	4.7	0.17	−0.02‐0.35	.072	‐	‐
Pain	4	587	1.4	3	.698	0.0	0.20	0.04‐0.36	.016	1	30
Sleep disturbance	8	1021	17.8	7	.013	60.7	0.23	0.00‐0.45	.047	15	50
Fatigue	6	645	25.8	5	.001	80.6	0.40	−0.01‐0.80	.057	‐	‐
Quality of life	5	615	7.9	4	.096	49.2	0.09	−0.15‐0.32	.477	‐	‐
Mindfulness skills	11	1450	11.7	10	.309	14.2	0.20	0.08‐0.32	.001	31	65
Self‐compassion	5	332	1.9	4	.758	0.0	0.32	0.10‐0.54	.005	7	35

Abbreviation: PTSD, post‐traumatic stress disorder.

Bold values indicate statistical significance.

Primary outcome variable—psychological distress, anxiety, and depression.

Q‐statistic: P values < .1 taken to suggest heterogeneity. I² statistic: 0% (no heterogeneity), 25% (low heterogeneity), 50% (moderate heterogeneity), and 75% (high heterogeneity).

ES = Hedges's g. A positive value indicates an effect size in the hypothesized direction. All ESs were combined using a random effects model. Conventions: small (0.2); medium (0.5); and large (0.8).29

Failsafe N = number of non‐significant studies that would bring the P value to non‐significant (P > .05).

A Failsafe N exceeding the criterion (5x+10) indicates a robust result.34

If analyses indicated possible publication bias, missing studies were imputed and an adjusted ESR calculated (italics).33 K indicates number of published studies + number of imputed studies.

[Correction added on 28 October 2019, after first online publication: In Table 2, under follow‐up, in the psychological distress row, the P is missing a point before the number and it has been corrected from ‘038’ to ‘.038’ and the I² in the same row has been corrected from ‘40.’ to ‘40.6’. The alignment of columns has also been fixed in this current version.]