Table 4.
Virological failure after 3 months of adherence counselling intervention
| Characteristic | Category | Virological failure after 3 months | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||
| (n = 9) | (n = 93) | |||
| Age (years) [median (IQR)] | 45 (36–52) | 41 (36–44) | 0.193 | |
| Gender [n (%)] | Female | 7 (77.8) | 70 (75.3) | 1.000 |
| Male | 2 (22.2) | 23 (24.7) | ||
| Income source [n (%)] | Agriculture | 1 (11.1) | 23 (24.7) | 0.063 |
| Wage/salaried employment | 0 (0) | 21 (22.6) | ||
| Crafts trade | 1 (11.1) | 3 (3.2) | ||
| Petty trade | 3 (33.3) | 30 (32.3) | ||
| None | 2 (22.2) | 4 (4.3) | ||
| Other | 2 (22.2) | 12 (12.9) | ||
| Education [n (%)] | Low | 2 (22.2) | 13 (14.0) | 0.212 |
| Medium | 6 (66.7) | 44 (47.3) | ||
| High | 1 (11.1) | 36 (38.7) | ||
| ≥ 4 years in The AIDS Support Organisation [n (%)] | No | 1 (11.1) | 6 (6.5) | 0.487 |
| Yes | 8 (88.9) | 87 (93.6) | ||
| CD4 at enrolment [median (IQR)] | 364 (308–423) | 220 (129–335) | 0.053 | |
| Time on ARV at enrolment (months) [median (IQR)] | 62 (57–90) | 79 (61–92) | 0.942 | |
| ARV regimen at enrolment [n (%)] | Efavirenz/3TC/TDF | 1 (11.1) | 2 (2.2) | 0.046 |
| Efavirenz/3TC/ZDV | 3 (33.3) | 8 (8.6) | ||
| Nevirapine/3TC/TDF | 1 (11.1) | 13 (14.0) | ||
| Nevirapine/3TC/ZDV | 4 (44.4) | 70 (75.3) | ||
| Been on previous ARV | No | 4 (44.4) | 51 (54.8) | 0.729 |
| Yes | 5 (55.6) | 42 (45.2) | ||
| Previous ARV regimen (n = 47) | Efavirenz/3TC/ZDV | 1 (20) | 2 (4.8) | 0.123 |
| Efavirenz/3TC/d4T | 0 (0) | 1 (2.4) | ||
| Nevirapine/3TC/ZDV | 2 (40) | 6 (14.3) | ||
| Nevirapine/3TC/d4T | 2 (40) | 33 (78.6) | ||
| ARV adherence (n = 100) | Never | 6 (66.7) | 49 (53.9) | 0.772 |
| Frequency of missing taking pills [n (%)] | Once a week | 5 (5.5) | ||
| More than once a week but less than once a month | 1 (11.1) | 6 (6.6) | ||
| More than once a month | 2 (22.2) | 31 (34.1) | ||
| Good ARV adherence (n = 100) | No | 3 (33.3) | 20 (22.0) | 0.426 |
| Did not miss any pill in the past month | Yes | 6 (66.7) | 71 (78) | |
| Frequency of medicine companions observations in 7 days before enrolment [median (IQR)] | 11 (7–14) | 7 (4–14) | 0.363 | |
| Switching to second‐line therapy (n=93) | No | 3 (3.2) | ||
| Yes | 90 (96.8) | |||
| Baseline viral load [n (%)] | 1000–5000 copies/mL | 4 (44.4) | 5 (5.8) | < 0.001 |
| 5000–10 000 copies/mL | 1 (11.1) | 8 (8.6) | ||
| 10 000–50 000 copies/mL | 39 (41.9) | |||
| 50 000–100 000 copies/mL | 13 (14.0) | |||
| > 100 000 copies/mL | 4 (44.4) | 28 (30.1) | ||
| > 1000 [n (%)] | Yes | 9 (100) | 93 (100) | n/a |
| > 5000 [n (%)] | Yes | 5 (55.6) | 88 (94.6) | 0.003 |
| > 10 000 [n (%)] | Yes | 4 (44.4) | 80 (86.0) | 0.008 |
| > 50 000 [n (%)] | Yes | 4 (44.4) | 41 (44.1) | 1.0000 |
| Any drug resistance mutations (n=93) | Yes | 5 (83.3) | 88 (100) | 0.064 |
| Two or more drug class mutations [n (%)] | Yes | 3 (50) | 82 (93.2) | 0.010 |
| Any NNRTI drug resistance [n (%)] | Yes | 4 (66.7) | 84 (95.5) | 0.046 |
| Any PI mutation [n (%)] | Yes | 1 (1.1) | 1.000 | |
| Any NRTI mutation [n (%)] | Yes | 4 (66.7) | 86 (97.7) | 0.019 |
| Any TAM [n (%)] | Yes | 2 (33.3) | 58 (65.9) | 0.185 |
| ≥ 2 TAMs [n (%)] | Yes | 0 (0) | 45 (51.1) | 0.027 |
| Any other NRTI mutation [n (%)] | Yes | 2 (33.3) | 28 (31.8) | 1.000 |
| K65R mutation [n (%)] | Yes | 1 (16.7) | 11 (12.5) | 0.570 |
| M184V mutation [n (%)] | Yes | 3 (50.0) | 84 (95.5) | 0.0047 |
ARV, antiretroviral; IQR, interquartile range; 3TC, lamivudine; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; ZDV, zidovudine; d4T, stavudine; NRTI, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor; TAM, thymidine analogue mutation.