Table 1.

Direct methods and surrogate markers used to determine adipose tissue oxygenation

Methods applied to assess adipose tissue oxygenation
Direct
Silastic tonometer69, 70, 71, 72
Polarographic micro clark‐type electrode60
Optochemical, continuous monitoring via microdialysis59, 73, 74, 116
Combined oxygen and temperature probe57
Needle‐type fibre‐optic oxygen sensor (rodents)64, 65, 85
Indirect
Arterio‐venous difference technique34
Gene expression of hypoxia‐responsive genes/proteins63
Pimonidazole hydrochloride63, 66