Table 1:
Participant’s characteristics by fiber intake category. Iowa Women’s Health Study (N=14,129).
| Population Characteristicsa Mean ± SD or N (%) |
Total fiber intake (g/day) | P-valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
<14.6 N=3,492 |
14.7-18.9 N=3,571 |
19.0-24.0 N=3,564 |
24.1-89.4 N=3,502 |
||
| Mean fiber intake (grams) | 11.6 ± 2.3 | 16.8 ± 1.2 | 21.4 ± 1.5 | 30.3 ± 6.6 | <0.0001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1336 ± 358 | 1658 ± 381 | 1901 ± 428 | 2358 ± 589 | <0.0001 |
| Age | 60.2 ± 3.8 | 60.3 ± 3.8 | 60.6 ± 4.0 | 60.8 ± 4.0 | <0.0001 |
| BMI | 26.8 ± 4.8 | 26.7 ± 4.7 | 26.6 ± 4.6 | 26.6 ± 4.6 | 0.14 |
| WHR | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | <0.0001 |
| Education | <0.0001 | ||||
| <12 years | 519 (14.9%) | 428 (12.0%) | 390 (11.0%) | 446 (12.7%) | |
| 12 years | 1577 (45.1%) | 1526 (42.7%) | 1487 (41.7%) | 1296 (37.0%) | |
| >12 years | 1396 (40.0%) | 1617 (45.3%) | 1687 (47.3%) | 1760 (50.3%) | |
| Physical Activity Level | |||||
| Low | 1932 (55.3%) | 1620 (45.3%) | 1472 (41.3%) | 1202 (34.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Medium | 872 (25.0%) | 1027 (28.8%) | 1088 (30.5%) | 1075 (30.7%) | |
| High | 688 (19.7%) | 924 (25.9%) | 1004 (28.2%) | 1225 (35.0%) | |
| Smoking Status | |||||
| Never | 2161 (61.9%) | 2466 (69.0%) | 2626 (73.7%) | 2670 (76.2%) | |
| Former | 737 (21.1%) | 723 (20.3%) | 638 (17.9%) | 622 (17.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Current | 594 (17.0%) | 382 (10.7%) | 300 (8.4%) | 210 (6.0%) | |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 4.80 ± 10.5 | 3.70 ± 7.9 | 3.48 ± 7.8 | 3.09 ± 6.5 | <0.0001 |
| Antidepressant use (Yes)c | 395 (11.3%) | 373 (10.5%) | 347 (9.7%) | 339 (9.7%) | 0.08 |
| History of diabetes (Yes) | 89 (2.55%) | 103 (2.88%) | 107 (3.00%) | 124 (3.54%) | 0.11 |
| History of high blood pressure (Yes) | 1080 (30.9%) | 1110 (31.1%) | 1122 (31.5%) | 1073 (30.6%) | 0.80 |
| History of estrogen use (Yes) | 510 (14.6%) | 584 (16.4%) | 594 (16.7%) | 553 (15.8%) | 0.09 |
a
Assessed at baseline (1986) unless noted otherwise.
b
p-values (two-sided) were calculated using one-way ANOVA F-test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables.
c
Assessed at the 2004 questionnaire.