Table 1.
Clinical and status epilepticus characteristics in all patients, responders, and nonresponders.
| Results | All patients (n = 42) | Responders (n = 24) | Nonresponders (n = 18) | P‐value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | ||
| Age in years | 52.7 ± 22.7 | 5–92 | 53.7 ± 25.5 | 5–92 | 51.3 ± 19 | 24–82 | 0.75 |
| Duration of SE (if onset < 10 h) | 00:46:15 ± 00:55:53 | 00:05:49–02:30:00 | 00:53:36 ± 01:00:01 | 00:05:49–02:30:00 | 00:16:49 ± 00:13:54 | 00:06:46–00:32:41 | 0.07 |
| Dose of in‐MDZ | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 2.5–15 | 5.6 ± 1.8 | 2.5–10 | 7.5 ± 3.1 | 5–15 | 0.02 |
| Time to cessation of SE after in‐MDZ | ‐‐ | ‐‐ | 00:05:05 ± 00:03:10 | 00:00:29–00:14:53 | ‐‐ | ‐‐ | |
| Recording time after in‐MDZ | 5:06:13 ± 09:02:37 | 00:02:17–24:00:00 | 06:18:00 ± 09:48:13 | 00:02:17–24:00:00 | 03:30:30 ± 7:54:22 | 00:04:59–24:00:00 | 0.33 |
| Length of stay in days | 16.3 ± 14.4 | 2–80 | 13 ± 11.4 | 2–50 | 20.7 ± 16.8 | 3–80 | 0.12 |
| Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 42 | 100 | 24/42 | 57.1 | 18/42 | 42.9 | |
| Male gender | 19 | 45.2 | 8 | 33.3 | 11 | 61.1 | 0.07 |
| Preexisting epilepsy | 25 | 59.5 | 13 | 54.2 | 12 | 66.7 | 0.42 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 0.81# | ||||||
| 0 | 12 | 28.6 | 6 | 25 | 6 | 33.3 | |
| 1–4 | 25 | 59.5 | 14 | 58.3 | 11 | 61.1 | |
| >4 | 5 | 11.9 | 4 | 17.7 | 1 | 5.6 | |
| mRS (admission) | 1.00# | ||||||
| 0 | 15 | 35.7 | 9 | 37.5 | 6 | 33.3 | |
| 1 | 6 | 14.3 | 3 | 12.5 | 3 | 16.7 | |
| 2–5 | 21 | 50 | 12 | 50 | 9 | 50 | |
| Etiology of SE | 0.80# | ||||||
| Structural epilepsy | 21 | 50 | 13 | 54.2 | 8 | 44.4 | |
| Nonstructural epilepsy | 7 | 16.7 | 2 | 8.3 | 5 | 27.8 | |
| Acute symptomatic | 7 | 16.7 | 5 | 20.8 | 2 | 11.1 | |
| Progressive tumor | 5 | 11.9 | 3 | 12.5 | 2 | 11.1 | |
| Unknown | 2 | 4.8 | 1 | 4.2 | 1 | 5.6 | |
| STESS | 0.47 | ||||||
| Favorable (0–2) | 23 | 54.8 | 12 | 50 | 11 | 61.1 | |
| Nonfavorable (3–6) | 19 | 45.2 | 12 | 50 | 7 | 38.9 | |
| AED | 0.56# | ||||||
| No AED | 18 | 42.9 | 12 | 50 | 6 | 33.3 | |
| Monotherapy | 4 | 9.5 | 2 | 8.3 | 2 | 11.1 | |
| 2 AEDs | 10 | 23.8 | 7 | 29.2 | 3 | 16.7 | |
| 3 or more AEDs | 10 | 23.8 | 3 | 12.5 | 7 | 38.9 | |
| SE semiology | 0.62# | ||||||
| NCSE | 24 | 55.8 | 15 | 62.5 | 9 | 50 | |
| FMSE | 13 | 31 | 7 | 29.2 | 6 | 33.3 | |
| ASE | 3 | 7.1 | 2 | 8.3 | 1 | 5.6 | |
| GTCSE | 2 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11.1 | |
| EEG lateralization | 0.86# | ||||||
| Bilateral | 24 | 55.8 | 14 | 58.3 | 10 | 55.6 | |
| Left | 11 | 26.2 | 7 | 29.2 | 4 | 22.2 | |
| Right | 7 | 16.7 | 3 | 12.5 | 4 | 22.2 | |
| SE duration> 10 h or unknown | 27 | 64.3 | 12 | 50 | 15 | 83.3 |
0.056 |
| Nasal irritation | 5 | 11.9 | 5 | 20.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.113 |
| mRS (discharge) | 0.89# | ||||||
| 0 | 16 | 38.1 | 9 | 37.5 | 7 | 38.9 | |
| 1 | 2 | 4.8 | 2 | 8.3 | 0 | 0 | |
| 2–5 | 19 | 45.2 | 9 | 37.5 | 10 | 55.6 | |
| 6 | 5 | 11.9 | 4 | 17.7 | 1 | 5.6 | |
| Disposition | 0.75# | ||||||
| Home | 21 | 0.5 | 13 | 54.2 | 8 | 44.4 | |
| Rehabilitation | 6 | 14.3 | 4 | 16.7 | 2 | 11.1 | |
| Nursery home | 4 | 9.5 | 2 | 8.3 | 2 | 11.1 | |
| Palliative care | 5 | 11.9 | 1 | 4.2 | 4 | 22.2 | |
| Death | 5 | 11.9 | 4 | 16.7 | 1 | 5.6 | |
| ICU of another hospital | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.6 |
SD, standard deviation; SE, status epilepticus; in‐MDZ, intranasal midazolam; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; STESS, Status Epilepticus Severity Score; AEDs, antiepileptic drugs; NCSE: nonconvulsive SE; FMSE: focal motor SE; ASE: typical absence SE; GTCSE: generalized tonic‐clonic SE; ICU: intensive care unit; # (chi‐squared test: CCI 0 vs ≥ 1; mRS 0–1 vs. ≥ 2; AEDs 0–1 vs. ≥ 2; Semiology nonconvulsive vs other; etiology acute vs. other; EEG bilateral vs. unilateral; discharge home vs. other)