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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 6.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2019 Jul 5;35:55–84. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062710

Figure 3. Timeline of key findings showing contrast between the study of CME and CIE.

Figure 3

The time line shows key findings in different endocytic pathways. EM based observations picked up clathrin dependent pathways due to the presence of electron dense coat (1964). It took another decade before clathrin was isolated. Existence of a clathrin independent pathway was hinted from observations where Thy1 (GPI-AP) was found excluded from coated pits (1980) and later the fluid-phase and ricin toxin were endocytosed even when clathrin mediated endocytosis was inhibited (1986/87). These molecules are now internalized via multiple clathrin and dynamin-independent mechanisms (1995/1997/2002). Clathrin independent pathways are still being discovered with the RhoA-dependent FEME being the most recent addition (2001/2015). Important milestones in the discovery of multiple endocytic pathways: a - (Palade & GE 1953, Yamada 1955), b- (Roth & Porter 1964), c- (Pearse 1975, 1976), d- (Anderson et al. 1977a,b), e- (Bretscher et al. 1980), f - (Kosaka & Ikeda 1983), g- (Moya et al. 1985, Sandvig 1987), h- (Bar-Sagi & Feramisco 1986), i - (Jackson et al. 1987; Kirchhausen et al. 1987a,b), j- (Robinson 1989, Thurieau et al. 1988), k-(Rothberg et al. 1992, Scherer et al. 1996, Tang et al. 1996), l- (Damke et al. 1994), m- (Damke et al. 1994, 1995), n- (Radhakrishna & Donaldson 1997), o- (Lamaze et al. 2001), p- (Sabharanjak et al. 2002), q- (Aboulaich et al. 2004, Hill et al. 2008), r-(Frick et al. 2007, Glebov et al. 2006) s- (Gupta et al. 2009, Kumari & Mayor 2008), t- (Boucrot et al. 2015, Renard et al. 2015), u- (Sathe et al. 2018).