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. 2019 Dec 11;10:2897. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02897

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Copyright © 2019 Sheikh and Abraham.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ILC2s in the lung, small intestine, and skin are activated by alarmins following exposure to virus, helminthes, or allergens and this induces cytokine production in ILC2s. IL-7 and TSLP significantly enhance the effect of IL-33 in multiple mucosal sites. TSLP and IL-33 synergistically induce the expression of IL-9 in an IRF4 dependent manner in ILC2s. Through autocrine signaling, this can enhance the production of IL-5 and IL-13 and IL-9R in a GATA3 dependent manner, thus creating a positive feedback loop to further enhance cytokine production.