Table 1.

Summary of the blood coagulation measurement techniques and physical parameters in each technique in research methodologies.

Technique		Physical parameter	Sensing parameter	Applications	References
Optical	LSR	G: viscoelastic modulus τ: time constant of laser speckle intensity fluctuations	Significant correlation between τ and |G*| (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001)	PT and APTT	Tripathi et al., 2014
	OCE,OCT	μ: shear modulus	Viscoelastic peroperties	Clot shear modulus	Xu et al., 2016
	Fluorescent imaging	Fluorescent intensity	Heparin and tinzaparin from 0 to 0.8 U/ml	APTT, PT Thrombodynamics analysis (TD)	Dudek et al., 2010; Yun et al., 2019
	SPR	ns: refractive index	7 to 8 ng/mm2 cell adhesion detection	PT	Hansson et al., 1999, 2007
Electro-mechanical	Acoustic wave devices (QCM and SAW)	1. Frequency shift as a result of mass change (μg) in liquid Δm 2. Dissipation factor in liquid ΔD	Factor VIII: 0.0185 mg/L Fibrinogen: 1 g/Lf	PT, APTT, and INR	Rodahl et al., 1995 Yao et al., 2013 Hussain, 2015
	Microfluidic viscometers	Pressure (Pa) and mechanical displacements	~0.4–12 p.s.i. Heparin detection: 0.25 IU/mL	PT, APTT, ACT, and INR	Jain et al., 2016a; Hegener et al., 2017; Yeom et al., 2017; Judith et al., 2018 Kang et al., 2019
	MEMS (Magneto elastic cantilevers)	Viscosity	Blood viscosity: 0.08 cp	PT, APTT, and INR	Cakmak et al., 2015
	Ultrasound transducers	Sound velocity (m/s) Displacement (μm)	Sensitivity of 3 cm/s	Viscoelastic test–derived coagulation parameters	Voleišis et al., 2002; Huang C.-C. et al., 2011; McLoughlin et al., 2016
Photoacoustic detection		Photoacoustic signal (PA intensity) μa, μeff, Γ	0.28 IU/mL of heparin detection	APTT	Wang et al., 2016
Electrochemical (Amperometric, impedance analysis)		Conductance, electrical current (amplitude/phase) [Ohm]	0.33 fM (thrombin detection)	PT, APTT, and INR	Lei et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2018