TABLE 5.

Analytical methods for aflatoxin measurement.

Type of method	Technique	LOD	References
Quantitative methods	Thin Layer Chromatography combined with scanner	0.1 μg/kg B2; G2; M1, 0.2 μ/kg B1; G1;	Kamimura et al., 1985
	High Performance Liquid Chromatography, in combination with fluorescence detector	0.002 μg/kg	Kilicel et al., 2017
	Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry	0.5 μg/kg	Sirhan et al., 2013
	Liquid Chromatography with tandem Mass Spectrometry	1 μg/kg	Alsharif et al., 2019; Ouakhssase et al., 2019
	Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence detector	0.02 μg/kg	Beltrán et al., 2011; Cui et al., 2017
	Capillary electrophoresis	1 μg/kg 0.1 ng/g	Arroyo-Manzanares et al., 2010; Xiao et al., 2018
Semi-quantitative methods	ELISA	1 ng/l	Huybrechts, 2011
	Lateral flow tests LFT	5 μg/kg	Goh et al., 2014,
	Direct fluorescence	5 μ/kg	Wacoo et al., 2014
	Fluorescence polarization immunoassay	30 ng/ml	Maragos, 2009
	Biosensors	0.05 ml 0.005 μg/l	Gurban et al., 2017; Man et al., 2017
Indirect methods	Spectroscopy	4 μg/kg	Wacoo et al., 2014
Emerging technologies	Hyperspectral imaging	10 μg/kg	Wang et al., 2014
	Electronic nose	5 μ/kg	Ottoboni et al., 2018
	Aptamer-based biosensors ECL	0.1 pg/ml	Shim et al., 2014; Castillo et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2016; Jia et al., 2019; Kordasht et al., 2019;