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. 2019 Dec 17;9:19278. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55822-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Graphical representation of the response of the relative sperm investment, ln(sperm length/sperm number), to (A) the social mating system as a proxy of sperm competition and (B) the female egg-laying period. (A) depicts the least-squares means with 95% confidence intervals and sample sizes, after controlling for the female egg-laying period and body mass. (B) shows the partial regression derived from the same model, controlling for body mass and the social mating system on both axes.