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. 2019 Dec 17;9:19233. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55882-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dietary fatty acids in normolipidic diets upregulated the expression of genes related to protein folding, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). C57/BL6 mice were fed the specified diets for 32 weeks and examined for the presence of inflammatory infiltrates (a) and the VP transcriptome was examined by RNAseq (b–i). Histology revealed the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in both LO and PF groups. Yellow arrowheads point to inflammatory cells. The black arrowheads indicate an adipocyte. Ep = epithelium; St = stroma; L = lumen. The graph presents the number of inflammatory cells per histological section. Biological processes and molecular functions affected by the different diets are shown in (b) according to their significance; bars represent the p-values and dots represent the ratios between the number of genes differentially expressed and the total number of annotated genes (enrichment) within each ontology. Principal component analysis (PCA) segregated the PF results from the other two groups, which were not completely segregated by the second component. (c) The number of genes differentially expressed in the different groups are presented as Venn diagrams. (d) Genes differentially expressed were represented in Volcano plots in a pair-wise format; the graphs show each gene’s expression (Log2 fold change) and the corresponding p-value for each pair-wise comparison. Genes related to protein localization/targeting to the ER, ER stress and fatty acid biosynthesis were also represented by a heatmap (e–i), using normalized expression values (Z-Score) for each gene (n = 5).