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. 2019 Dec 17;9:19226. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55429-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transcript levels of GA metabolic pathway genes and the external application of GA in 35S::GSF-TM transgenic plants. (A) Schematic diagram for the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway. GA20-oxidases (GA20oxs) participate in the biosynthesis of the major bioactive GAs (GA₁ and GA₄) from the intermediates, such as GA₁₉ and GA₂₄. GA2-oxidases (GA2oxs) are involved in the late steps in the metabolic pathway to convert bioactive GAs into inactive GAs. (B) Detection of the expression for GSF, GA20oxs (1–4) and GA2oxs (1,2,3,4,6,7,8) in one wild-type (WT) plant and three severe (GSF-TM-1, 2, 3) 35S::GSF-TM transgenic Arabidopsis plants using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The expression level relative to wild-type plants is presented. Error bars represent standard deviation. The asterisks indicate a significant difference from the wild type (WT) value (*P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01) by Student’s T-test. (C) Detection of the concentrations of GA₁₉ and GA₂₄, intermediates in a bioactive GA biosynthesis pathway in wild-type (WT) and 35S::GSF-TM Arabidopsis. N/D indicates that a signal was not detected in the samples. (D–F) External supply of GA in the wild-type (D), 35S::GSF (E) and 35S::GSF-TM (F) plants. The shoot elongation was clearly observed in the wild-type (D, right) and 35S::GSF plants (E, right) after GA treatment. The significant elongation of the inflorescence (F, right) was also observed in the GA-treated 35S::GSF-TM plants. Bar = 35 mm.