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. 2019 Dec 17;9:19226. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55429-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model for the function of GSF in regulating gibberellin biosynthesis in response to cold/drought stresses in Arabidopsis. In the wild-type plants, the GSP proteins are localized at the membrane of ER through the transmembrane motif (tm) when grown under normal conditions. The cold/drought stresses activate the GSF expression and enhanced the processing of GSF by protease from the ER membrane, and it will enter the nucleus. The functional form of GSF-TM will repress GA20oxs and activate GA2oxs expression to convert the bioactive form of GA to the inactive form, resulting in the retardation of the plant growth in response to stress. 35S::GSF-TM suppressed the bioactive form of the GA level during the whole plant development and resulted in a dwarfism phenotype.