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. 2019 Dec 17;10:5742. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13637-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Photographic image of a bilateral optogenetic stimulator. b Time-resolved voltage of pacing electrodes in a unilateral pacing mode for electrode 1 and 2, and in a bilateral pacing mode. c Independently addressable bilateral optogenetic stimulation at intervals T1, left optrode activation, T2 right optrode activation, and T3 simultaneous activation. d Spatially resolved energy and irradiance distribution of individual optrodes for independent bilateral electrical and optical pacing in a test cage at a height of 3 cm from the floor. e Spatially resolved energy and irradiance distribution for individual optrodes for combined bilateral electrical and optical pacing in a test cage at a height of 3 cm from the floor. f 3D rendering of an implanted device in a rat derived from combined MRI and CT images. g Combined 3D CT and 2D MRI slice of a bilateral pacemaker implanted in a rat, indicating epicardial positioning of optrodes. h In vivo surgical implantation of the device on a rat heart.