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. 2019 Dec 17;10:5742. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13637-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Mouse hearts were electrically stimulated by the device ex vivo (scale bar 0.5 cm). b The time course of pacing activation was tracked using the membrane potential to show anisotropic conduction by optical mapping. c Far-field ECG pacing demonstrates capture of the heart during ex vivo pacing. d Chronic in vivo pacing of rat hearts was achieved with implanted pacemakers for up to 6 days. e Rat hearts were captured (right) while the animal was freely moving. f Ex vivo ChR2-expressing mouse hearts were optically paced at the anterior epicardial surface of the left ventricle (top) (scale bar 1 mm) in the off (bottom left) and on (bottom right) configuration (scale bar 0.5 mm). g Ex vivo ChR2-expressing mouse hearts were able to be captured at 280, 310, 540, and 620 b.p.m.