Fig. 5.

Pneumococcus-responsive CD4⁺ T_RM are detected in the nose and colon after parenteral immunization. Cells isolated from the NM, spleen, or colon from groups of mice immunized with alum alone or WCV were analyzed by flow cytometry, either after staining with antibodies to identify CD4⁺ T_RM, or 5 h after stimulation with PMA/Ionomycin (P/I) or 24 h after stimulation with WCA. a Absolute number of CD69⁺CD11a⁺ CD4⁺ T_m cells in each tissue. b Frequency of CD4⁺ T cells staining with IL-17A following stimulation with PMA/ionomycin or WCA. c Absolute numbers of IL-17A⁺CD4⁺ T cells after stimulation with WCA. d Frequency of CD4⁺ T cells staining with IFNγ following stimulation with PMA/ionomycin or WCA. The results represent a pool of two experiments, n = 3–5 mice/group/experiment. Horizontal bars indicate the median value. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001