Table 1.

Summary of selected studies included in the review

Author/Year	Design	Purpose/Aim	Setting/Sample	Intervention	Results and findings
Baron and Newman (2016) United Kingdom	Randomized Controlled Trial	Investigated behavioural effects of mobile phone‐based telehealth	Adults (N = 81) with poorly controlled type 1 and type 2 diabetes	Compared mobile phone application and standard care	Mobile phone application improved the management of diabetes and self‐care. Significantly improved self‐efficacy
Bratzke (2015)	Narrative Review	Synthesize research findings related to self‐management	Thirteen articles Majority qualitative Participants with multimorbidity	Empirical studies addressed priority setting and decision‐making	Decisions based on personal preferences and values, barriers are prevalent and focused research needed
Cameron et al. (2018) Canada	Quantitative correlational	Evaluate the effectiveness of telehealth in remote patients with chronic conditions	Adults (N = 213) Rural and remote with chronic disease	Chronic disease self‐management programme via teleconference	Patients need content delivered based on social identification provides for increased self‐efficacy
Cottrell et al. (2017)	Systematic review and meta‐analysis	Evaluate the effectiveness of real‐time telerehabilitation	13 studies met the criteria for methodological criteria	Adults with a diagnosed musculoskeletal condition. Treatment intervention via real‐time telerehabilitation medium compared with face‐to‐face	Telerehabilitation is effective in improving physical function, disability, and pain
Cutler, Crawford, & Engleking (2018)	Systematic review	Evaluate outcomes of self‐management for adults with chronic conditions	Ten articles investigating the management of chronic conditions	Self‐management programmes provided through in‐person, group sessions	Improving self‐efficacy through self‐management can have a direct or indirect impact on behaviour change. Behaviours must be sustained to sustain change
Devan et al. (2018)	Systematic review and meta‐synthesis	Synthesize enablers and barriers to self‐management	33 studies (N = 512) Thematic analysis and confidence in evidence from reviews of qualitative research approach Patients with chronic pain	Only included interventions that involved at least four self‐management skills for chronic pain	Providing intermittent support, peer support groups shared decision‐making and guided problem‐solving is essential to ongoing self‐management
Fors et al. (2018) Sweden	Quantitative Descriptive	Evaluate the effects of person‐centred support via telephone	Adults (N = 221) with COPD and/or CHF measured general self‐efficacy, re‐hospitalization, and death	The intervention was person‐centred telephone support from educated RN with specific training after discharge. Control group received no additional care	Intervention reduced risk of decreased self‐efficacy and clinical events were not increased up to 6 months post‐discharge
Fortin et al. (2019) Canada	Descriptive Qualitative	Evaluate the integration of chronic disease prevention and management services into primary care practices. Corroborate quantitative results	Interviews with patients (N = 36), family members (N = 2), Focus groups (N = 7), healthcare professionals (N = 16) multimorbidity	Chronic disease prevention and management programme by an interdisciplinary team integrated into existing self‐management programme	Increased awareness, knowledge, and increased motivation and empowerment. Positive impact on patients and family members. Negative effects were the loss of beneficial effects of intervention and support or resistance from family modulated effects
Hardinge et al. (2015) United Kingdom	Quantitative Descriptive	Evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile telehealth application that allows patients to record data, communicate with healthcare professionals, and access educational materials	Participants in the mHealth intervention. Adults (N = 18) with moderate to severe COPD	COPD patients use mobile telehealth (mHealth) applications to monitor symptoms and use of education for the self‐initiated treatment of exacerbation	Daily use of mHealth platform was feasible and acceptable to users and was found to potentially identify exacerbations early
Henselmans et al. (2014) Netherlands	Quantitative Correlational	Examine perceived efficacy and barriers in consultations and communication support	Diagnosed chronic disease 15 years or older (N = 1,314)	Completed the perceived efficacy in patient‐provider interaction scale, and questions related to barriers to participation and interest in communication support	Most felt efficacious during consultations, common barriers were ‘too little time’ and concern of being bothersome.’ Patients perceived the least barriers when seeing a nurse
Hickman et al. (2015) United States	Nonblinded randomized controlled trial	To report preliminary efficacy of a serious game for health (eSMART‐HD) to enhance blood pressure control among community‐dwelling adults with hypertension	Nonprobability sample of adults with hypertension (N = 116)	Participants assigned to the experimental group were exposed to screen‐based education focused on hypertension and self‐management strategies	Results confirmed the efficacy of eSMART‐HD as a strategy for hypertension self‐management and improving blood pressure control
Horrell et al. (2017) United States District of Columbia Puerto Rico	Quantitative	To compare enrolment and completion rates of middle‐aged Chronic Disease Self‐management Programme with different income levels and sociodemographics	Age 55–64 (N = 19,365)	Chronic Disease Self‐management Programme	Results found middle‐aged participants from the most impoverished counties were more likely to complete the programme
Kennedy et al. (2017) Canada	Quantitative Statistics	Compare two modes of delivery of a prescription for an education programme with arthritis patients. In‐person and remote	Adults with arthritis (N = 123) participated 36 were in‐person, and 87 were remote	One‐day telemedicine programme was adapted for two video conference workshops	Similar improvements in self‐efficacy and other outcomes for both groups
Koch, Wakefield, & Wakefield (2015)	Systematic Literature Review (12 qualitative studies)	Locate and describe patient perceptions of barriers and facilitators to managing multiple chronic conditions	13 peer‐reviewed articles that evaluated the burden of care in adults with two or more chronic diseases	N/A	13 barriers and nine facilitators were found
Lin et al. (2017)	Meta‐analysis of randomized controlled studies	Evaluated the effects of self‐management programmes in patients with chronic kidney diseases	Eighteen randomized controlled trials	Self‐management programme	Small effect on self‐management, medium effect on self‐efficacy, depression, and quality of life, large effect on anxiety
Mackey et al. (2016)	Literature Review	Assess the association between health literacy and patient characteristics related to self‐management behaviours	Studies must use a valid health literacy tool, at least one self‐management behaviour assessed, and patients had a chronic condition (N = 31)	N/A	Low health literacy may affect behaviours, such as self‐efficacy, that are necessary for the development of self‐management skills
Roncoroni et al. (2019) United States	Quantitative Correlational	Understand the role of health self‐efficacy as a precursor to health‐promoting behaviours and treatment adherence	Rural adults (N = 273) Predominately low‐income and indigent rural patients	Completed demographic data questionnaire, self‐rated abilities for health practices scale, general adherence measure, and health‐promoting lifestyle profile II	Health self‐efficacy is key to adjust behaviours and improve adherence. Also, behaviours in urban patients can be generalized to rural patients
Stellefson et al. (2017) United States	Quantitative	Understand patients eHealth literacy or ability to seek, find, understand, appraise online health information and apply knowledge	Patients registered with the COPD Foundation's National Registry (N = 1,270)	Completed surveys on sociodemographic status, socio‐cognitive status, health status, and eHealth literacy scale	Greater disease severity is associated with higher eHealth literacy, and greater educational attainment and higher COPD‐related knowledge predicts higher eHealth literacy
van Berkel et al. (2015) Netherlands	Qualitative	Investigate whether discussions about medicine use taking place in online message boards contribute to patient empowerment and result in more effective use of medicine	Thematic deductive analysis of 5,532 posts on seven message boards related to ADHD, ALS, and Diabetes	Message boards	Found patient empowerment processes in posts for all three disorders. Type of information shared can contribute to patient self‐efficacy with medicine use
Willis et al. (2016) United States	Qualitative Ethnography	Identify factors of self‐efficacy related to self‐management behaviours found in computer‐mediated communication by people with arthritis	Sampled posts on message boards (N = 5,762)	Message boards	Three themes: Sharing experiences, suffering from symptoms, asking for help. Supports online health communities could facilitate self‐efficacy to practice arthritis self‐management
Wilson et al. (2018) United States	Quantitative	Evaluate participant engagement and effects of an Internet‐based, self‐direct programme for depressive symptoms among adults with chronic disease	Adults (N = 47)	Randomly assigned to Think Clearly About Depression online self‐management programme or control group. Completed Patient Health Questionnaire and Chronic Disease Self‐efficacy Scales	Engagement and satisfaction was favourable, depressive symptoms and self‐efficacy in the management of depressive symptoms improved for the treatment group, but not for the control group
Win et al. (2016) Australia	Quantitative	To identify patients' preference about the design features of effective online patient education and the benefits	Chronic disease patients or family members and health professionals (N = 215)	Online Patient Education sites (OPE)	Confirmed a set of design features to be included in OPE sites, and validated a set of health and social benefits of OPE sites
Wu et al. (2016) Taiwan	Quantitative Cross‐sectional Correlational	Investigate important factors in self‐care of chronic kidney disease (CDK) and mediating effects of self‐efficacy on knowledge and self‐care	Chronic kidney disease patients (N = 247)	Participants completed the CDK self‐care Knowledge Scale, CDK Self‐efficacy Scale, CDK self‐care Scale and demographic and disease characteristics survey	Self‐efficacy crucial mediator between knowledge and self‐care and healthcare professionals should offer strategies to increase self‐efficacy