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Serine miscoding is toxic in E. coli. Chimeric tRNASer variants were generated to decode at either the Ser (anticodon, GGA), Ala (UGC), or Thr (GGU) codon (top). Mutant tRNAs were expressed in wild-type E. coli, and growth was monitored (bottom). Both tRNA mutants caused growth defects in MG1655. All growth experiments were performed in triplicate, and error bars indicate the standard deviation of the replicates.
