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. 2019 Dec 17;12:138. doi: 10.1186/s13045-019-0826-2

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — EndoMT occurs significantly with M2-macrophage infiltration in PDAC tissues. a IHF of α-SMA and CD31 from the tumor tissues of PDAC patients. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. EndoMT-derived cells exhibiting α-SMA⁺ and CD31⁺ are indicated by arrows. b Changes of the lncRNA levels in EndoMT cells derived from HUVECs. Among the 29 lncRNAs analyzed by qPCR, 21 of them were upregulated and only 8 were downregulated. c Downregulation of MNX1-AS1, LOC101927256, LOC340340, and LOC441081 and upregulation of RP11-608021, CTD-3010D24.3, and CDKN2B-AS1 in EndoMT cells derived from OPN-treated HUVECs and human immortalized endothelial cell line EC-RF24 cells. d Low expression of MNX1-AS1, LOC101927256, LOC340340, and LOC441081 in HUVEC-derived EndoMT cells compared with PDAC cells and macrophages. e Correlations of the EndoMT level of PDAC tissues with T4 staging and M2-macrophage infiltration. The data of 177 PDAC patients in TCGA database were analyzed to reveal the clinical relevance of the EndoMT occurrence. Using average expression values as cut-off points, we proposed a combination of low expressions (< averages) of LOC340340, LOC101927256, and MNX1-AS1 as the EndoMT index, and observed that PDAC tissues with positive EndoMT index were significantly correlated with T4 staging and positive for M2-macrophage index (CD163^high and CD204^high). The data of AJCC staging were available from 175 patients. f IHF of α-SMA, CD31, and CD163 showing EndoMT-derived cells (indicated by white arrows) and neighboring M2-type macrophages (indicated by yellow arrows) in the tumor tissues of PDAC patients. Nuclei were stained with DAPI