Table 1.
Characteristics of colorectal cancer cases and controls and associations with colorectal cancer risk
| Characteristics | Colorectal cancer cases | Controls | Pa | OR | (95% CI)b | Pb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 703, 100%) | (N = 1406, 100%) | |||||||
| N | (%) | N | (%) | |||||
| Age, years | ||||||||
| mean (SD) | 56.4 | (9.6) | 56.0 | (9.1) | 0.31 | |||
| < 50 | 159 | (22.6) | 318 | (22.6) | > 0.99 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| ≥ 50 | 544 | (77.4) | 1088 | (77.4) | 1.10 | (0.87–1.40) | 0.41 | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Women | 223 | (31.7) | 446 | (31.7) | > 0.99 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| Men | 480 | (68.3) | 960 | (68.3) | 0.96 | (0.78–1.18) | 0.68 | |
| Family history of colorectal cancer | ||||||||
| No | 636 | (90.5) | 1339 | (95.2) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| Yes | 67 | (9.5) | 67 | (4.8) | 2.27 | (1.56–3.32) | < 0.01 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| mean (SD) | 23.8 | (3.4) | 24.1 | (2.7) | 0.04 | |||
| < 25.0 | 478 | (68.0) | 930 | (66.2) | 0.47 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| ≥ 25.0 | 225 | (32.0) | 470 | (33.4) | 0.87 | (0.71–1.07) | 0.19 | |
| History of colorectal polyps | ||||||||
| No | 628 | (89.3) | 1227 | (87.3) | 0.17 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| Yes | 75 | (10.7) | 179 | (12.7) | 0.94 | (0.69–1.28) | 0.70 | |
| History of IBD | ||||||||
| No | 701 | (99.7) | 1401 | (99.6) | 0.79 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| Yes | 2 | (0.3) | 5 | (0.4) | 0.67 | (0.12–3.87) | 0.66 | |
| History of DM | ||||||||
| No | 616 | (87.6) | 1287 | (91.5) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| Yes | 87 | (12.4) | 119 | (8.5) | 2.27 | (1.56–3.32) | < 0.01 | |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||||
| Never | 212 | (30.2) | 419 | (29.8) | 0.87 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| Ever | 491 | (69.8) | 987 | (70.2) | 1.07 | (0.84–1.36) | 0.59 | |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Never | 316 | (45.0) | 617 | (43.9) | 0.64 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| Ever | 387 | (55.1) | 789 | (56.1) | 0.88 | (0.68–1.15) | 0.36 | |
| Regular exercise | ||||||||
| Yes | 229 | (32.6) | 566 | (40.3) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| No | 474 | (67.4) | 833 | (59.3) | 2.97 | (2.43–3.62) | < 0.01 | |
| Regular aspirin use | ||||||||
| Yes | 20 | (2.8) | 134 | (9.5) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| No | 683 | (97.2) | 1272 | (90.5) | 3.26 | (1.97–5.41) | < 0.01 | |
| HRT in postmenopausal women | ||||||||
| Ever | 31 | (19.1) | 99 | (30.9) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| Never | 130 | (80.3) | 219 | (68.4) | 1.50 | (0.92–2.44) | 0.11 | |
| Red meat intake, g/dayc | ||||||||
| mean (SD) | 51.2 | (33.4) | 58.0 | (39.0) | < 0.01 | |||
| < 100 | 643 | (87.3) | 1228 | (87.3) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| ≥ 100 | 58 | (8.3) | 176 | (12.5) | 0.66 | (0.47–0.92) | 0.02 | |
| Processed meat intake, g/dayc | ||||||||
| mean (SD) | 1.1 | (9.1) | 2.5 | (13.2) | < 0.01 | |||
| < 50 | 699 | (99.4) | 1395 | (99.2) | 0.29 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| ≥ 50 | 2 | (0.3) | 9 | (0.6) | 0.78 | (0.16–3.93) | 0.77 | |
| Dairy consumption, g/dayc | ||||||||
| mean (SD) | 72.6 | (147.5) | 236.4 | (807.3) | < 0.01 | |||
| ≥ 400 | 16 | (2.3) | 198 | (14.1) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | (ref.) | |
| < 400 | 685 | (97.8) | 1206 | (85.8) | 2.23 | (1.53–3.25) | < 0.01 | |
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, DM diabetes mellitus, HRT hormone replacement therapy, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
aChi-square test for categorical variables and T-test for continuous variables
bLogistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, family history of colorectal cancer, history of DM, regular exercise, and dairy consumption
cDietary factor values were adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method