Table 2.
Groups of antimicrobial drugs given to surveyed patients according to the survey year
| Typea | August 2018b | August 2019b |
|---|---|---|
| All antimicrobial drugs | 79 (100.0) | 87 (100.0) |
| First-generation cephalosporins | 20 (25.3) | 4 (4.6) |
| Cefazolin | 19 (24.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Cefalexin | 1 (1.3) | 4 (4.6) |
| Penicillin combinations | 16 (20.3) | 10 (11.5) |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | 3 (3.8) | 4 (4.6) |
| Ampicillin–sulbactam | 12 (15.2) | 6 (6.9) |
| Amoxicillin–clavulanate | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Third-generation cephalosporins | 15 (19.0) | 33 (37.9) |
| Ceftriaxone | 11 (13.9) | 25 (28.7) |
| Cefotaxime | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.4) |
| Cefoperazone–sulbactam | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) |
| Cefcapene pivoxil | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.1) |
| Ceftazidime | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| Cefditoren pivoxil | 1 (1.3) | 3 (3.4) |
| Second-generation cephalosporins | 12 (15.2) | 12 (13.8) |
| Cefmetazole | 9 (11.4) | 7 (8.0) |
| Cefotiam | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Cefaclor | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Flomoxef | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.7) |
| Extended-spectrum penicillins | 5 (6.3) | 7 (8.0) |
| Piperacillin | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Ampicillin | 1 (1.3) | 6 (6.9) |
| Amoxicillin | 3 (3.8) | 1 (1.1) |
| Sulfonamide and trimethoprim combinations | 4 (5.1) | 1 (1.1) |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | 4 (5.1) | 1 (1.1) |
| Macrolides | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Erythromycin | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Clarithromycin | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Azithromycin | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Tetracyclines | 2 (2.5) | 1 (1.1) |
| Minocyclin | 2 (2.5) | 1 (1.1) |
| Glycopeptide (parenteral) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.3) |
| Vancomycin | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.3) |
| Intestinal anti-infectives | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.7) |
| Metronidazole | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.4) |
| Rifaximin | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.3) |
| Fourth-generation cephalosporins | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.4) |
| Cefozopran | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.4) |
| Fluoroquinolones | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.4) |
| Levofloxacin | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.4) |
| Lincosamides | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.3) |
| Clindamycin | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.3) |
| Nucleoside and nucleotide antivirals | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.3) |
| Acyclovir | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) |
| Valaciclovir | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) |
| Aminoglycosides | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) |
| Gentamicin | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) |
| Antimycotics | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) |
| Amphotericin B | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) |
aAntimicrobial drugs were classified and reported based on the World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical fifth-level classification. Antimicrobial drugs were listed in order of most frequent use in the 2018 survey
bData are expressed as numbers (percentages)