Table 6.
The effects of different types and proximities of health facilities on maternal/newborn PNC among rural women who gave birth at home in Malawi, MDHS 2015–16
| Maternal | Newborn | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PNC within 1 day | PNC within 7 days | PNC within 1 day | PNC within 7 days | |||||
| DE | [95% CI] | DE | [95% CI] | DE | [95% CI] | DE | [95% CI] | |
| Type and Proximity of Health Facilities | ||||||||
| Within 5 km of household cluster | ||||||||
| Clinic-level | ||||||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.046 | [−0.091, 0.184] | 0.124 | [−0.012, 0.259] | − 0.035 | [− 0.179, 0.108] | 0.042 | [− 0.137, 0.221] |
| Health center | ||||||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.079** | [0.020, 0.138] | 0.073* | [0.012, 0.135] | 0.068* | [0.003, 0.132] | 0.063 | [−0.020, 0.146] |
| Hospital | ||||||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.028 | [−0.053, 0.108] | −0.002 | [− 0.087, 0.082] | 0.137* | [0.012, 0.263] | 0.117 | [−0.053, 0.287] |
| Between 5 km and 10 km of household cluster | ||||||||
| Clinic-level | ||||||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | −0.032 | [−0.110, 0.046] | − 0.003 | [− 0.076, 0.069] | 0.030 | [− 0.034, 0.094] | 0.037 | [− 0.045, 0.118] |
| Health center | ||||||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.039 | [−0.028, 0.105] | 0.028 | [−0.037, 0.092] | 0.028 | [−0.043, 0.099] | 0.041 | [−0.039, 0.121] |
| Hospital | ||||||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.062 | [−0.0004, 0.125] | 0.073* | [0.012, 0.134] | 0.030 | [−0.029, 0.089] | 0.066 | [−0.015, 0.148] |
| Between 10 km and 15 km of household cluster | ||||||||
| Clinic-level | ||||||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | − 0.062 | [− 0.134, 0.010] | − 0.074 | [− 0.150, 0.003] | −0.009 | [− 0.077, 0.060] | 0.006 | [− 0.082, 0.093] |
| Health center | ||||||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | −0.012 | [−0.093, 0.070] | − 0.035 | [− 0.119, 0.049] | 0.050 | [− 0.038, 0.138] | − 0.020 | [− 0.123, 0.082] |
| Hospital | ||||||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.027 | [−0.034, 0.087] | 0.025 | [−0.042, 0.092] | − 0.000 | [− 0.059, 0.059] | 0.009 | [− 0.072, 0.089] |
Total number of women who delivered at home is 691; Number of observations for maternal outcomes is 665; Number of observations for newborn outcomes is 664
The outcomes were Maternal PNC within 1 day, Maternal PNC within 7 days, Newborn PNC within 1 day or Newborn PNC within 7 days in four separate GEE models
The main predictors (separate binary indicators) in the GEE models were whether or not there was: a clinic-level facility providing PNC within 5 km; a health center providing PNC within 5 km; a hospital providing PNC within 5 km; a clinic-level facility providing PNC between 5 km and 10 km; a health center providing PNC between 5 km and 10 km; a hospital providing PNC between 5 km and 10 km; a clinic-level facility providing PNC between 10 km and 15 km; a health center providing PNC between 10 km and 15 km; a hospital providing PNC between 10 km and 15 km
Covariates included in the GEE models were season in which women gave birth, ownership of TV or radio, whether cost of treatment is a perceived problem, women’s age, women’s education, women’s employment, household wealth, number of births, newborn size, newborn sex, religion and region
*p < 0.05 **p < 0.01