Table 7.
The effects of different types and proximities of health facilities on maternal/newborn PNC among rural women who gave birth at health facilities in Malawi, MDHS 2015–16
| Maternal | Newborn | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PNC between Day 1 and Day 7 | PNC between Day 1 and Day 7 | |||
| DE | [95% CI] | DE | [95% CI] | |
| Type and Proximity of Health Facilities | ||||
| Within 5 km of household cluster | ||||
| Clinic-level | ||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | −0.023 | [− 0.077, 0.032] | − 0.134** | [− 0.210, − 0.057] |
| Health center | ||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.032* | [0.004, 0.059] | 0.009 | [−0.023, 0.041] |
| Hospital | ||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.034 | [−0.005, 0.074] | 0.020 | [−0.024, 0.065] |
| Between 5 km and 10 km of household cluster | ||||
| Clinic-level | ||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.002 | [−0.031, 0.034] | −0.047* | [− 0.090, − 0.004] |
| Health center | ||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.044** | [0.014, 0.074] | 0.069*** | [0.034, 0.105] |
| Hospital | ||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | −0.042** |
[−0.072, − 0.011] |
−0.010 | [− 0.043, 0.023] |
| Between 10 km and 15 km of household cluster | ||||
| Clinic-level | ||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | −0.004 | [−0.036, 0.028] | 0.030 | [−0.010, 0.070] |
| Health center | ||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | 0.007 | [−0.027, 0.041] | 0.030 | [−0.012, 0.072] |
| Hospital | ||||
| No facility (ref) | – | – | – | – |
| Facility | −0.002 | [−0.031, 0.027] | − 0.013 | [− 0.045, 0.019] |
Total number of women who delivered at the health facility is 10,266; Number of observations for maternal outcomes is 10,083; Number of observations for newborn outcomes is 10,029
The outcomes were Maternal PNC between day 1 and day 7 or Newborn PNC between day 1 and day 7 in two separate GEE models
The main predictors (separate binary indicators) in the GEE models were whether or not there was: a clinic-level facility providing PNC within 5 km; a health center providing PNC within 5 km; a hospital providing PNC within 5 km; a clinic-level facility providing PNC between 5 km and 10 km; a health center providing PNC between 5 km and 10 km; a hospital providing PNC between 5 km and 10 km; a clinic-level facility providing PNC between 10 km and 15 km; a health center providing PNC between 10 km and 15 km; a hospital providing PNC between 10 km and 15 km
Covariates included in the GEE models were season in which women gave birth, ownership of TV or radio, whether cost of treatment is a perceived problem, women’s age, women’s education, women’s employment, household wealth, number of births, newborn size, newborn sex, religion, region, cesarean section and whether or not the mother or the newborn (depending on the outcome) was checked before discharge from facility
*p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001