Table 2.
Univariate Cox regression analysis of the associations between mortality and sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, substance use, medication and side effects (N = 322).
| Still alive (n = 287) | Observed deaths (n = 35) | Hazard ratio | 95.0% C.I. | P a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (n) | SD (%) | Mean (n) | SD (%) | |||||
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||
| Age at baseline | 45.1 | 10.5 | 56.2 | 11.6 | 1.086 | 1.055 | 1.118 | 0.000 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | (176) | (61.3) | (23) | (65.7) | 1.215 | 0.604 | 2.441 | 0.585 |
| Female | (111) | (38.7) | (12) | (34.3) | ||||
| Ethnicityb | ||||||||
| Western | (188) | (66.9) | (32) | (91.4) | 4.967 | 1.521 | 16.221 | 0.008 |
| Non-Western | (93) | (33.1) | (3) | (8.6) | ||||
| Diagnosis | ||||||||
| Psychotic disorder | (231) | (80.5) | (24) | (68.6) | 1.843 | 0.902 | 3.762 | 0.093 |
| Non-psychotic disorder | (56) | (19.5) | (11) | (31.4) | ||||
| Dual diagnosis | ||||||||
| Yes | (79) | (27.5) | (5) | (14.3) | 2.171 | 0.843 | 5.597 | 0.108 |
| No | (208) | (72.5) | (30) | (85.7) | ||||
| Symptoms (BPRS-E) b | ||||||||
| Positive symptoms | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.146 | 0.742 | 1.770 | 0.539 |
| Negative symptoms | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.580 | 0.939 | 2.661 | 0.085 |
| Depression and anxiety | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.067 | 0.639 | 1.780 | 0.805 |
| Disorganisationd | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 2.073 | 1.145 | 3.751 | 0.016 |
| BPRS total | 1.6 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 1.777 | 0.860 | 3.668 | 0.120 |
| Substance use (MATE) c,d | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 5.7 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 12.8 | 1.019 | 0.993 | 1.047 | 0.153 |
| Cannabis | 3.5 | 8.9 | 2.1 | 6.4 | 0.979 | 0.932 | 1.027 | 0.382 |
| Hard drugse | 2.3 | 8.3 | 3.4 | 9.2 | 1.011 | 0.979 | 1.044 | 0.493 |
| Duration of cigarette smoking, years | 15.8 | 14.2 | 26.3 | 20.0 | 1.043 | 1.021 | 1.066 | 0.000 |
| Antipsychotic drug dose (PDD/DDD) at baseline f | ||||||||
| Normal or lower than the average dose | (110) | (38.3) | (14) | (40.0) | 1.140 | 0.478 | 2.717 | 0.768 |
| Higher than the average dose | (32) | (11.1) | (4) | (11.4) | 1.135 | 0.342 | 3.769 | 0.836 |
| Excessive dose | (75) | (26.1) | (8) | (22.9) | ||||
| No antipsychotic medication or missing doseg | 70 | (24.4) | 9 | (24.4) | ||||
| Polypharmacy at baseline h | ||||||||
| Number of antipsychoticsi | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.1 | (0.6) | 1.038 | 0.583 | 1.847 | 0.899 |
| Number of somatic and antipsychotic medication | 3.1 | 1.8 | 3.7) | (2.4) | 1.165 | 0.972 | 1.397 | 0.098 |
| Side effects (LUNSERS) j | ||||||||
| Extrapyramidal side effects | 4.5 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 1.026 | 0.954 | 1.104 | 0.484 |
| Psychic side effects | 8.9 | 7.4 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 1.004 | 0.959 | 1.052 | 0.858 |
| Anticholinergic side effects | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 1.087 | 1.002 | 1.179 | 0.045 |
| Allergic side effects | 1.5 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 1.055 | 0.920 | 1.211 | 0.442 |
| Other autonomic side effects | 2.8 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 1.031 | 0.944 | 1.126 | 0.493 |
| Hormonal side effects | 2.1 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 3.43 | 0.983 | 0.880 | 1.098 | 0.764 |
| Miscellaneous | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 1.002 | 0.874 | 1.149 | 0.976 |
a
P is the result of a Cox regression. Significant findings shown in bold.
b
BPRS-E, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale—Expanded.
c
MATE, Measurements in the Addictions for Triage and Evaluation.
d
Number of days of substance use in the last month.
e
Cocaine, stimulants, 3.4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine, opiates.
f
PDD, prescribed daily dose; DDD, defined daily dose.
g
Excluded from Cox regression.
h
Polypharmacy was defined as the concomitant use of two or more antipsychotics.
i
Controlled for dosing.
j
LUNSERS, the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating