Table 1.
Clinical and wound characteristics of patients overall and stratified by healed versus not healed at 1-year follow-up
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 198) | Healed (n = 156) | Not Healed (n = 42) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 72 (62.1–79.0) | 71 (61.1–79.0) | 73 (64.3–81.8) | 0.26 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 90 (45.5) | 72 (46.2) | 18 (42.9) | 0.84 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, n (%) | ||||
| Baseline | 8.1 (7.0–9.1) | 8.1 (7.2–9.1) | 8.0 (6.6–9.0) | 0.33 |
| Nadir | 6.8 (5.7–8.0) | 6.8 (5.8–7.9) | 6.9 (5.7–8.0) | 0.67 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 90 (45.5) | 71 (45.5) | 19 (45.2) | 1.00 |
| Dyslipidemia | 106 (53.5) | 83 (53.2) | 23 (54.8) | 1.00 |
| Coronary artery disease | 100 (50.5) | 80 (51.3) | 20 (47.6) | 0.80 |
| Congestive heart failure | 87 (44.0) | 68 (43.6) | 19 (45.2) | 0.99 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 158 (79.8) | 118 (75.6) | 40 (95.2) | 0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 88 (44.4) | 72 (46.2) | 16 (38.1) | 0.45 |
| Stroke | 96 (48.5) | 80 (51.3) | 16 (38.1) | 0.18 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 102 (51.5) | 84 (53.9) | 18 (42.9) | 0.28 |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||
| Aspirin | 111 (56.1) | 89 (57.1) | 22 (52.4) | 0.71 |
| Clopidogrel | 77 (38.9) | 60 (38.5) | 17 (40.5) | 0.96 |
| Warfarin | 20 (10.1) | 19 (12.2) | 1 (2.4) | 0.11 |
| Novel anticoagulants | 8 (4.0) | 4 (2.6) | 4 (9.5) | 0.11 |
| Statin | 93 (47.0) | 70 (44.9) | 23 (54.8) | 0.33 |
| Diabetic medication, n (%) | ||||
| Oral only | 90 (45.5) | 74 (47.4) | 16 (38.1) | 0.37 |
| Insulin | 108 (54.6) | 82 (52.6) | 26 (61.9) | 0.37 |
| Wound area, cm2 | 13.5 (7.1–20.1) | 13.2 (7.1–19.4) | 15.9 (7.7–21.3) | 0.36 |
| Wound depth, cm | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | 0.07 |
| Infection, n (%) | 46 (23.2) | 10 (6.4) | 36 (85.7) | <0.01 |
| Time from onset to assessment, months | 3.5 (2.0–5.0) | 3.4 (2.1–5.0) | 2.8 (1.5–4.5) | 0.04 |
| Revascularization approach, n (%) | ||||
| Endovascular | 149 (75.3) | 112 (71.8) | 37 (88.1) | 0.09 |
| Open | 9 (4.6) | 6 (3.9) | 3 (7.1) | 0.62 |
| Direct angiosome perfusion, n (%) | 141 (71.2) | 122 (78.2) | 19 (45.2) | <0.01 |
| DUSS | 2 (1.2–3.2) | 2 (1.4–3.2) | 4 (3.4–4.0) | <0.01 |
| WIfI score | 3 (2.3–4.4) | 3 (2.2–4.3) | 4 (3.6–4.2) | <0.01 |
DUSS, diabetic ulcer severity score; WIfI score, wound, ischemia, and foot infection score.