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. 2019 Dec 10;10:830. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00830

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Copyright © 2019 Milbank and López.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Central actions of orexins/hypocretins on food intake and BAT thermogenesis. Orexin/hypocretin neurons sense peripheral levels of metabolites, such as glucose and amino acids, and hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, to control energy homeostasis. Therefore, orexin/hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) modulate food intake acting on neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). On the other hand, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) impacts orexin neurons in the LHA to modulate brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS, indicated by yellow lines). Whether OX may impact other central mechanism modulating thermogenesis, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) within the VMH will require further investigation.