Table 4.
Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use and the factors associated in total participants and by gender in a rural district in Bangladesh.
| Never smoker | Tobacco smoker ever | Smokeless tobacco | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | Males | Females, N = 113 (9.1%) | Males, N = 543 (46.5%) | Females, n = 375 (30.3%) | Males, n = 195 (16.7) | |||||
| N (%) | N (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI)∗ | n (%) | OR (95% CI)∗ | n (%) | OR(95% CI)∗ | n (%) | OR (95% CI)∗ | |
| Age group | ||||||||||
| 18–39 | 364 (91) | 132 (49) | 8 (2.0) | 1.0 (reference) | 127 (47) | 1.0 (reference) | 28 (7.0) | 1.0 (reference) | 10 (3.7) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 40–59 | 184 (68) | 120 (36) | 16 (5.9) | 3.96 (1.66, 9.4) | 179 (54) | 1.55 (1.11, 2.17) | 69 (26) | 4.9 (3.04, 7.8) | 33 (9.9) | 3.63 (1.72, 7.7) |
| 60–69 | 172 (37) | 120 (29) | 76 (16) | 20.1 (9.49, 43) | 181 (44) | 1.57 (1.12, 2.19) | 216 (47) | 16.3 (10.6, 25) | 112 (27.1) | 12.32 (6.2, 24) |
| 70 and above | 30 (29) | 58 (38) | 13 (12) | 19.7 (7.58, 51) | 56 (36) | 1.00 (0.65, 1.56) | 62 (59) | 26.9 (15.0, 48) | 40 (26.9) | 9.1 (4.3, 19) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||
| Secondary and above | 320 (88) | 234 (53) | 37 (9.7) | 3.78 (1.57, 9.1) | 135 (48) | 2.69 (1.87, 3.87) | 37 (10) | 1.00 | 47 (10.7) | 1.00 |
| Primary level | 289 (59) | 119 (27) | 69 (14) | 6.86 (3.03, 16) | 248 (55) | 3.06 (2.27, 4.13) | 134 (27) | 2.59 (1.7, 4.0) | 81 (18.1) | 2.86 (1.83, 4.47) |
| No education | 141 (37) | 77 (28) | 7 (1.9) | 1.00 | 160 (36) | 1.00 | 204 (53) | 4.4 (2.82, 6.9) | 67 (24) | 2.64 (1.62, 4.28) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Married | 612 (70) | 369 (35) | 64 (7.3) | 1.00 | 499 (48) | 1.00 | 202 (23) | 1.00 | 172 (16.5) | 1.00 |
| Widowed | 115 (35) | 22 (31) | 49 (15) | 1.18 (0.71, 1.96) | 28 (39) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.33) | 169 (51) | 1.18 (0.8, 1.7) | 22 (30.6) | 0.98 (0.50, 1.93) |
| Single or unmarried | 20 (87) | 39 (71) | — | — | 15 (27) | 0.33 (0.17, 0.63) | 3 (13) | — | 1 (2) | — |
|
| ||||||||||
| Occupation | ||||||||||
| House work | 635 (66) | 8 (47) | 71 (7.4) | 1.0 | 3 (18) | 1.0 | 253 (26) | 1.0 | 6 (35.3) | 1.0 |
| Student | 23 (100) | 16 (94) | 0 | — | 1 (5.9) | 0.26 (0.02, 2.93) | 0 | — | 0 | — |
| Land owner | 1 (33) | 54 (26) | 2 (67) | 20 (1.78, 224) | 121 (57) | 4.82 (1.21, 19.2) | 0 | — | 36 (17.1) | 0.95 (0.28, 3.21) |
| Daily labours | 5 (50) | 69 (26) | 5 (50) | 6.66 (1.67, 27) | 168 (63) | 5.12 (1.3, 20.2) | 0 | — | 28 (10.6) | 0.58 (0.17, 1.97) |
| Business | 1 (50) | 90 (42) | 1 (50) | 6.9 (0.35, 136) | 107 (50) | 3.53 (0.89, 14) | 0 | — | 16 (7.5) | 0.29 (0.08, 1.03) |
| Government or nongovernment job | 12 (92) | 69 (56) | 1 (7.7) | 0.80 (0.1, 6.72) | 40 (33) | 1.92 (0.47, 7.8) | 0 | — | 14 (11.4) | 0.39 (0.11, 1.43) |
| Retired or unable to work | 71 (31) | 119 (38) | 33 (15) | 0.82 (0.45, 1.48) | 100 (32) | 1.21 (0.3, 4.9) | 122 (54) | 1.21 (0.3, 4.9) | 95 (30.3) | 0.41 (0.13, 1.38) |
| Unemployed | 2 (100) | 5 (63) | 0 (0) | — | 3 (38) | 2.57 (0.36, 18) | 0 | — | 0 | — |
|
| ||||||||||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||||
| Insufficient funds all the time | 95 (49) | 46 (28) | 35 (18) | 0.76 (0.36, 1.59) | 99 (60) | 2.37 (1.36, 4.15) | 66 (34) | 1.18 (0.6, 2.2) | 20 (12.1) | 0.85 (0.38, 1.87) |
| Insufficient funds some time | 224 (55) | 117 (31) | 24 (5.9) | 0.26 (0.12, 0.53) | 176 (47) | 1.77 (1.09, 2.88) | 156 (39) | 1.56 (0.9, 2.8) | 79 (21.2) | 1.30 (0.69, 2.43) |
| Medium (not good or bad) | 354 (69) | 208 (41) | 32 (6.2) | 0.27 (0.14, 0.52) | 230 (45) | 1.63 (1.03, 2.57) | 130 (25) | 1.06 (0.6, 1.9) | 75 (14.6) | 0.97 (0.54, 1.76) |
| Sufficient funds mostly | 77 (63) | 59 (50) | 22 (18) | 1.00 | 38 (32) | 1.00 | 23 (19) | 1.00 | 21 (17.8) | 1.00 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Health condition | ||||||||||
| No | 407 (79) | 219 (41) | 23 (4.5) | 1.00 | 276 (51) | 1.0 | 86 (17) | 1.00 | 45 (8.3) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 343 (48) | 211 (34) | 90 (13) | 2.17 (1.28, 3.65) | 267 (43) | 0.81 (0.60, 1.08) | 289 (40) | 1.86 (1.4, 2.6) | 150 (23.9) | 1.80 (1.16, 2.78) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Health conditions | ||||||||||
| 1–2 conditions | 226 (63) | 169 (43) | 12 (3.4) | 1.00 | 155 (40) | 1.00 | 120 (34) | 1.0 | 65 (16.7) | 1.0 |
| 3 or more conditions | 524 (60) | 261 (34) | 101 (12) | 2.33 (1.21, 4.47) | 388 (50) | 1.38 (1.04, 1.83) | 255 (29) | 0.45 (0.3, 0.6) | 130 (16.7) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.12) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Psychological distress | ||||||||||
| No distressed | 389 (69) | 228 (40) | 26 (4.6) | 1.0 | 255 (45) | 1.0 | 152 (27) | 1.0 | 84 (14.8) | 1.0 |
| Mild | 186 (63) | 91 (36) | 27 (9.1) | 2.12 (1.67, 3.83) | 111 (44) | 1.12 (0.80, 1.56) | 83 (28) | 1.1 (0.76, 1.6) | 50 (19.8) | 1.60 (1.01, 2.54) |
| Moderate | 136 (54) | 82 (33) | 37 (15) | 2.98 (1.68, 5.28) | 128 (51) | 1.38 (0.98, 1.94) | 81 (32) | 1.0 (0.67, 1.5) | 42 (16.7) | 1.13 (0.70, 1.84) |
| Severe | 39 (32) | 29 (30) | 23 (19) | 3.55 (1.76, 7.2) | 49 (51) | 1.28 (0.76, 2.16) | 59 (49) | 1.1 (0.66, 1.9) | 19 (19.6) | 0.74 (0.37, 1.48) |
∗OR (95% CI) adjusted for age, gender, level of education, occupation, and marital status.