Table 1.

Summary and comparison of MPS systems used for functional assessment of hiPSC-CMs. For each type of MPS systems, the controllable features and measurable output are described as reported (+) or not reported (−). The number of replicates possible to derive from 10⁶ cells is a theoretical maximum based on the loading conditions described in the representative dted studies, though for many of the smaller scale constructs, the number of replicates is more limited by the later data-acquisition processes.

Approach Type		MPS	Controllable features				Measurable outputs				Scalable for high throughput studies	Ref.
			Spatial structures		Mechanical properties	Biochemical cues	Mechanical function	Electrophysiology	Visual observation		number of replicates that can be made from 10⁶ cells
			Cell	Tissue					In situ	End-point analysis
Top-Down	Single cell	Micropatterned substrates	+	−	+	+	+	−	+	+	+ (5×10³−5×10⁵)	(McCain et al., 2012; Ribeiro et al., 2015; Chopra et al., 2018)
		Microfluidic & microelectrodes	possible	−	possible	possible	possible	+	+	+	+(5×10³−5×10⁵)	Werdich et al., 2004; Cheng et al., 2006; Qian et al., 2017)
	2D Multicell	Micropatterned and microstructured substrates	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+(1×10⁴−1×10⁵)	(Stancescu et al., 2015; Alford et al., 2010; Grosberg et al., 2011;Shim et al., 2012; Feinberg et al., 2012; Lind et al., 2017b; Kujala et al., 2016)
		Microfluidic heart-on-chip	possible	possible	+	+	+	−	+	+	+(2–20)	(Marsano et al., 2016; Mathur et al., 2015, 2016)
Bottom up		EHMs/EHTs	−	+	−	+	+	+	−	+	+(0.5–200)	(Mannhardt et al., 2017; Huebsch et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2015a;Tiburcy et al., 2017; Boudou et al., 2012; Mills et al., 2017)
Hybrid	3D	3D bioprinting/ recellularized cardiac ECM scaffolds	−	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−(0.5–2)	(Borovjagin et al., 2017; Schwan et al., 2016)