Table 4.
Variables included in causal loop diagrams produced in SALURBAL community-based system dynamics workshops, organized by domain.
| Variable | L | A | S | Variable | L | A | S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health Outcomes | Built Environment & Access | ||||||
| o Health & health problems | X | X | X | • Food price & availability | |||
| o Chronic disease | X | o Healthy vs ultra-processed food price | X | X | X | ||
| o Obesity | X | X | o Healthy vs ultra-processed food availability | X | X | ||
| o Health care costs | X | o Access to and capillarity of food retailers | X | ||||
| Individual Behaviors | o Distance between food producers & consumers | X | |||||
| o Ultra-processed food consumption | X | X | X | o Urban, peri-urban, & organic agriculture | X | ||
| o Consumption of healthy food | X | o Financial interest | X | ||||
| o Nutrition | X | • Urban design | |||||
| o Physical activity | X | X | X | o Urban design | X | ||
| o Use of active transit | X | X | o City size | X | |||
| o Use of public transit | X | X | o Peri-urban population | X | |||
| o Car use | X | o Number of cars | X | ||||
| System Behaviors & Outputs | • Transportation infrastructure | ||||||
| o Nutrition norms | X | o Mobility infrastructure | X | ||||
| o Demand for unhealthy food | X | o Car infrastructure (e.g., highways, parking) | X | X | |||
| o Traffic congestion | X | X | o Public transit infrastructure | X | |||
| o Pollution | X | X | o Space for pedestrians | X | X | ||
| Time Use | • Safety | ||||||
| o Food preparation & consumption time | X | X | X | o Vehicle speed | X | ||
| o Commute time | X | X | X | o Road safety & accidents | X | X | X |
| o Free time | X | X | o Pedestrian safety | X | X | ||
| o Physical activity time | X | o Perceived safety of public spaces | X | ||||
| o Screen time | X | • Other environment | |||||
| o Time at work | X | o Access to health services | X | ||||
| o Household duties/chores | X | Policy & Policymaking | |||||
| Knowledge & Attitudes | o Government policy & regulation | X | |||||
| • Knowledge & information | o Food industry lobbying | X | X | ||||
| o Food marketing | X | X | X | o Advocacy | X | X | |
| o Dietary guidelines | X | o Political will | X | ||||
| o Nutrition literacy | X | o Policy proposal & implementation | X | ||||
| • Attitudes & values | Social Equity | ||||||
| o Palatability of fresh food | X | o Social status | X | ||||
| o Social value of food | X | o Income | X | ||||
| o Commensality | X | X | o Gender equity & women in the labor force | X | |||
| o Concern for health | X | o Women preparing meals | X | ||||
| o Social position associated with healthy vs ultra-processed foods | X |
Note: The “x” represents whether the variable was included in the causal loop diagram in a given workshop. L = Lima, A = Antigua Guatemala, S = São Paulo. Domains are italicized, sub-domains are in filled bullets, variables are in hollow bullets.