Table 1.
Summary of included studies
| First author | Year | Study dates | Country | Study setting | Study design | HF definition | Total participants | HF sample | Participants | QUIPS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cleland26 | 1987 | Not stated | UK | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis based on clinical, radiological and echocardiogram findings | 152 | 152 | Symptomatically stable, NYHA class II–IV | High |
| Ho27 | 1993 | 1948–1988 | USA | Primary care | Prospective cohort | Framingham criteria | 9405 | 652 | Incident HF cases in Framingham and Framingham offspring studies | Moderate |
| Senni28 | 1998 | 1991 | USA | Cross‐discipline | Routinely collected data | 'Slight modification' of Framingham criteria | 216 | 216 | Incident HF cases in Rochester Epidemiology Project | Low |
| McAlister29 | 1999 | 1989–1995 | Canada | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | Framingham criteria | 566 | 566 | Consecutive, confirmed cases of HF at a specialist HF clinic | Moderate |
| Niebauer30 | 1999 | 1980–1993 | UK | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | Not defined | 99 | 99 | Patients from HF outpatient clinic with very low LVEF (≤20%) | High |
| Cicoira31 | 2001 | 1992–1998 | UK | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | Typical symptoms + radiological or clinical evidence of HF. | 188 | 188 | Consecutive patients aged >70 years from HF clinic | High |
| Mosterd10 | 2001 | 1990–1993, follow‐up to 1996 | Netherlands | Primary care | Prospective cohort | Two‐step process involving typical signs, evidence of cardiovascular disease and exclusion of COPD | 5255 | 181 | Incident HF cases in Rotterdam Study | Low |
| Chen32 | 2002 | 1996–1997 | USA | Cross‐discipline | Prospective cohort | Database code of HF, validated using Framingham criteria | 83 | 83 | Incident HF cases in Rochester Epidemiology Project, with LVEF >45% and no valve disease | Low |
| Levy33 | 2002 | 1950–1999 | USA | Primary care | Prospective cohort | Framingham criteria | 10 311 | 1075 | Incident HF cases in Framingham study | Moderate |
| Muntwyler34 | 2002 | 1999–2000 | Switzerland | Primary care | Prospective cohort | ESC and Framingham criteria | 411 | 411 | Incident HF cases (NYHA class II–IV) in 'Improvement of HF' primary care survey | Moderate |
| Ansari35 | 2003 | 1996 | USA | Cardiology outpatient | Retrospective cohort | ICD‐9 | 403 | 403 | Incident HF cases at Northern California Kaiser Medical Centre | Moderate |
| Koseki36 | 2003 | 2000–2001 | Japan | Secondary care (mixed) | Registry | LVEF >50%, LVDD >55 mm documented history of congestive HF | 721 | 702 | Chronic HF population within regional registry | High |
| MacCarthy37 | 2003 | 1993–1995 | UK | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | Typical symptoms and objective evidence of cardiac dysfunction | 522 | 522 | Incident, stable, symptomatic HF cases in UK HEART study | Moderate |
| Nielsen38 | 2004 | 1993–1996 | Denmark | Cross‐discipline | Prospective cohort | Typical symptoms or an abnormal chest X‐ray and current prescription for a loop diuretic | 2157 | 115 | Incident cases of HF from four general practices | Moderate |
| Bleumink1 | 2004 | 1989–1993 follow‐up to 2000 | Netherlands | Primary care | Prospective cohort | Validated score based on ESC criteria | 7734 | 725 | Incident HF cases in Rotterdam Study | Moderate |
| Raymond39 | 2004 | 1997–2000 | Denmark | Primary care | Prospective cohort | ESC criteria | 764 | 36 | Volunteer sample from select GPs screened for HF | Low |
| Roger40 | 2004 | 1979–2000 | USA | Primary care | Prospective cohort | ICD‐9‐CM, validated with Framingham criteria | 4537 | 4537 | Incident HF cases in Rochester Epidemiology Project | Low |
| Cacciatore41 | 2005 | 1992–2003 | Italy | Primary care | Prospective cohort | Medical note review and physical examination to confirm cases, categorised by NYHA status | 1259 | 120 | Random sample of elderly patients enrolled in the Southern Italy community cohort | Moderate |
| Senni42 | 2005 | 1995 and 1999 | Italy | Cardiology outpatient | Routinely collected data | Framingham criteria | 1315 | 1315 | The 'IN‐CHF' National Registry of elderly cardiology outpatients with HF | Low |
| Barker43 | 2006 | 1970–1974 and 1990–1994 | USA | Cross‐discipline | Routinely collected data | Framingham criteria | 40 671 | 1942 | Incident HF cases amongst Kaiser Northwest Region health‐plan members | Moderate |
| van Jaarsveld44 | 2006 | 1993–1998 | Netherlands | Primary care | Prospective cohort | International classification of primary care criteria | 5279 | 293 | Incident HF cases in Groningen Longitudinal Aging Study (GLAS) | Moderate |
| Tsutsui45 | 2007 | 2004–2005 | Japan | Cross‐discipline | Registry | Framingham criteria | 2685 | 2685 | Prospective multicentre JCARE‐GENERAL HF registry, including primary care and outpatient data | Low |
| Ammar46 | 2007 | 1997–2000 | USA | Cross‐discipline | Prospective cohort | American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association definitions | 2029 | 244 | Incident HF cases in Rochester Epidemiology Project | Moderate |
| Hobbs47 | 2007 | 1995–1999 follow‐up to 2004 | UK | Primary care | Prospective cohort | ESC criteria | 6162 | 449 | Randomly sampled from four discrete primary care populations and screened for LVSD and HF | Low |
| Huang48 | 2007 | 1991–1993 | Taiwan | Primary care | Prospective cohort | Framingham criteria | 2660 | 147 | Incident HF cases amongst volunteer community sample | Moderate |
| Curtis49 | 2008 | 1994–2003 | USA | Cross‐discipline | Routinely collected data | ICD‐9‐CM | 622 786 | 622 786 | Incident HF cases amongst Medicare patients | Moderate |
| Henkel50 | 2008 | 1979–2002 | USA | Cross‐discipline | Prospective cohort | ICD‐9 CM | 1063 | 1063 | Incident HF cases in Rochester Epidemiology Project | Low |
| Castillo51 | 2009 | 1999–2003 | Spain | Cardiology outpatient | Registry | Clinician decided. No stated diagnostic criteria | 4720 | 1416 | Patients with confirmed HFpEF within the BADAPIC registry | Low |
| Goda52 | 2009 | 2004–2005 | Japan | Secondary care (mixed) | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis based on clinical, radiological and echocardiogram findings. No stated diagnostic criteria | 4255 | 597 | Incident HF cases, NYHA class II–IV, at The Cardiovascular Institute Hospital, Tokyo | Moderate |
| Parashar53 | 2009 | 1989–1993 | USA | Primary care | Prospective cohort | Individual clinician diagnosis and on active HF treatment | 5888 | 1264 | Incident cases of HF within the Cardiovascular Health Study | Low |
| Jimenez‐Navarro54 | 2010 | 2000–2003 | Spain | Cardiology outpatient | Registry | ESC criteria | 4720 | 4720 | BADAPIC registry across 62 centres with HF specific unit | Moderate |
| Devroey55 | 2010 | 2005–2006 | Belgium | Primary care | Prospective cohort | Individual clinician diagnosis | 754 | 557 | Incident HF cases from 178 sentinel GPs | High |
| Pons56 | 2010 | 2001–2008 | Spain | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | Not stated | 960 | 960 | Consecutive referrals to specialist HF unit | High |
| Gomez‐Soto57 | 2011 | 2000–2007 | Spain | Cross‐discipline | Prospective cohort | Framingham criteria | 4793 | 4793 | Incident HF cases amongst all residents in region of Southern Spain | Low |
| Grundtvig58 | 2011 | 2000–2006 | Norway | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | Typical symptoms + radiological or clinical evidence of HF | 3632 | 3632 | Incident cases of HF from 24 outpatient clinics | Low |
| Yeung59 | 2012 | 1997–2007 | Canada | Cross‐discipline | Routinely collected data | ICD‐9/ICD‐10 code | 5 175 179 | 203 361 | Incident cases of HF within the Ontario Health Insurance Plan database | Low |
| Taylor60 | 2012 | 1995–1999 follow‐up to 2009 | UK | Primary care | Prospective cohort | ESC criteria | 6162 | 449 | Random sample from 16 socio‐economically diverse GPs screened for HF | Low |
| Fragasso61 | 2013 | 1992–2005 | Italy | Cardiology outpatient | Routinely collected data | ESC criteria | 372 | 372 | Consecutive HF outpatient clinic patients with LVEF <45% | Moderate |
| Frigola‐Capell62 | 2013 | 2005–2007 | Spain | Primary care | Retrospective cohort | ICD‐10‐GM | 13 008 | 5659 | Combined data from urban and rural primary care units in Catalonia, Spain | Low |
| Gupta63 | 2013 | 1993–1995 | USA | Primary care | Prospective cohort | Gothenburg criteria or ICD‐9 code | 1962 | 116 | Incident HF cases amongst middle‐aged African American people within ARIC study | Low |
| Maggioni64 | 2013 | 2009–2010 | 12 European countries | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | Clinical diagnosis by individual clinicians | 5118 | 4118 | Incident HF cases in EURObservational Programme | Moderate |
| Zarrinkoub65 | 2013 | 2006–2010 | Sweden | Cross‐discipline | Routinely collected data | ICD‐10 code | 88 038 | 88 038 | Incident HF cases within Stockholm Health Registry | Low |
| Singh25 | 2014 | 2002–2007 | UK | Cardiology outpatient | Retrospective cohort | Modified ESC criteria | 1041 | 513 | Consecutive patients referred to HF assessment clinic ‐ the Darlington Retrospective outpatient study (DROPSY) | Moderate |
| Stalhammar66 | 2014 | 2005–2006 | Sweden | Primary care | Retrospective cohort | ICD‐10 codes | 137 | 137 | Incident cases of HF with LVEF >50% in 31 primary care centres | Moderate |
| James67 | 2015 | 2002–2012 | Ireland | Cardiology outpatient | Routinely collected data | Typical symptoms, raised BNP and echocardiogram changes | 733 | 285 | Consecutive primary care referrals to Rapid Access Clinic for suspected HF (NYHA class II–III) | Moderate |
| Sarria‐Santamera68 | 2015 | 2006–2010 | Spain | Primary care | Retrospective cohort | ICD‐10 codes | 227 984 | 3061 | HF codes on primary care database | Low |
| Crespo‐Leiro69 | 2016 | 2011–2013 | 12 European countries | Cardiology outpatient | Registry | ESC criteria | 12 440 | 12 440 | Long‐term HF prospective registry across 21 European countries | Moderate |
| Akwo70 | 2017 | 2002–2010 | USA | Primary care | Prospective cohort | ICD‐9 codes | 27 078 | 4341 | Incident HF cases in Southern Community Cohort Study | Low |
| Al‐Khateeb71 | 2017 | 2000–2015 | Saudi Arabia | Cardiology outpatient | Retrospective cohort | Clinical diagnosis + LVEF <45% | 2298 | 2298 | Consecutive patients seen in HF clinic, with LVEF <45% | Moderate |
| Dokainish72 | 2017 | 2012–2014 | International | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | Clinical diagnosis by individual clinicians | 5823 | 5823 | Consecutive sample of outpatients and inpatients with HF across six regions | High |
| Farre73 | 2017 | 2012 | Spain | Cross‐discipline | Registry | ICD‐9‐CM | 88 195 | 88 195 | Longitudinal study of all prevalent cases of HF within Catalonian public health database | Low |
| Farre74 | 2017 | 2001–2015 | Spain | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | ESC criteria | 3580 | 3580 | Consecutive sample from four HF units | Low |
| Koudstaal75 | 2017 | 1997–2010 | UK | Primary care | Routinely‐collected data | ICD‐9 and10 | 2 130 000 | 89 554 | CALIBER linked data from CPRD, MINAP, HES & ONS to identify newly recorded HF cases from 674 GP surgeries | Moderate |
| Mamas76 | 2017 | 2002–2011 | UK | Primary care | Routinely collected data | Database HF code | 1 750 000 | 56 658 | Incident HF cases using Scottish Primary Care Clinical Informatics Unit data | Low |
| Pascual‐Figal77 | 2017 |
MUSIC 2003–2004 REDINSCOR 2007–2011 |
Spain | Cardiology outpatient | Prospective cohort | HF diagnostic criteria of local institutions | 3446 | 3446 | Data from MUSIC registry (8 specialist HF clinics with chronic symptomatic HF NYHA class II–III) and REDINSCOR registry (consecutive patients with HF NYHA class II–IV from 18 outpatient clinics) | Low |
| Taylor11 | 2017 | 1998–2012 | UK | Primary care | Routinely collected data | Database codes based on NHS Clinical Terminology Browser and QOF guidelines | 2 728 841 | 54 313 | Incident HF cases in UK primary care from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) | Low |
| Sahle78 | 2017 | 1995–2001 | Australia | Primary care | Prospective cohort | Defined as; 'significant dyspnoea with or without peripheral oedema together with definite physical signs of either left‐sided or congestive cardiac failure and/or the characteristic chest X‐ray appearance of left ventricular failure' | 6083 | 145 | Incident cases of HF within Australian National BP study – open‐label study of people with hypertension aged 65–84 years | Moderate |
| Stork79 | 2017 | 2009–2013 | Germany | Cross‐discipline | Routinely collected data | ICD‐10‐GM | 3 132 337 | 123 925 | Patients with two HF‐related diagnoses within the German Health Risk Institute database | Moderate |
| Avula80 | 2018 | 2005–2012 | USA | Cross‐discipline | Routinely collected data | ICD‐9 codes | 28 914 | 28 914 | Incident cases of HF among Kaiser Permanente Northern California healthcare members | Moderate |
| Eriksson81 | 2018 | 2001–2014 | Sweden | Cross‐discipline | Registry | Individual clinician diagnosis | 9654 | 9654 | Incident HF cases in Swedish HF Registry, with LVEF ≥40% | Low |
BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; GP, general practice; HES, Hospital Episodes Statistics; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ICD‐9/10, International Classification of Diseases 9/10 (CM, GM refer to version used); LVDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSD, left ventricular systolic dysfunction; MINAP, Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project; NHS, National Health Service; NYHA, New York Heart Association; ONS, Office for National Statistics; QOF, Quality and Outcomes Framework; QUIPS, Quality in Prognosis Studies.