Table 2.
Causes of mortality reported in included studies
| First author | Year | Study subgroup | Cardiovascular mortality | Subgroups of cardiovascular mortality | Non‐cardiac mortality | Subgroups of non‐cardiovascular mortality | Unknown cause | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HF | Stroke | Sudden cardiac death | Coronary heart disease (including MI) | Pulmonary disease | Cancer | GI or GU disease | Other | ||||||
| Cleland26 | 1987 | Overall | 8 | 1.3 | 75a | 8 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Tsutsui45 | 2007 | Overall | 36 | 32 | 32 | ||||||||
| Henkel50 | 2008 | Overall | 57 | 36 | 43 | 12 | 10.8 | 5.2 | 5.2 (CNS disease) | ||||
| HFpEF | 51 | 29 | 49 | 14.2 | 11.3 | 5.4 | 6.9 (CNS disease) | ||||||
| HFrEF | 64 | 43 | 36 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 5 | 3.6 (CNS disease) | ||||||
| Crespo‐Leiro69 | 2016 | Overall | 49.8 | 23.2 | 27 | ||||||||
| Dokainish72 | 2017 | Overall | 46 | 16 | 38 | ||||||||
| Gupta63 | 2013 | HFpEF | 56 | 44 | |||||||||
| HFrEF | 74 | 26 | |||||||||||
| Fragasso61 | 2013 | Overall | 63 | 24.6 | 7.6 | 15.8 | 13.9 | 37 | 16.3 | 5.6 | |||
| James67 | 2015 | Overall | 52.4 | 22.6 | Cardiovascular non‐HF 29.8 | 20.2 | 9.5 | 6 | 11.9 | ||||
| HFrEF | 58.5 | 26.8 | Cardiovascular non‐HF 31.7 | 17.1 | 12.2 | 2.4 | 9.8 | ||||||
| HFpEF | 46.5 | 18.6 | Cardiovascular non‐HF 27.9 | 23.3 | 7 | 9.3 | 14 | ||||||
| Maggioni64 | 2013 | Across regions | 54.5 | 22 | 16.3 | 29.2 | |||||||
| Pons56 | 2010 | Overall | 65.5 | 32.2 | 2.6 | 16 | 8.3 | 26.8 | 9.6 | 39.4 | 11.7 | 25.5 (sepsis) | 7.7 |
| Muntwyler34 | 2002 | Overall | 79 | ||||||||||
| Castillo51 | 2009 | Total | 95 | 64 | 24a | 7 | 5 | ||||||
| Goda52 | 2009 | Overall | 85 | 47.5 | 22.5 | 15 | 15 | ||||||
| Hobbs47 | 2007 | HF, no LVSD | 44.8 | 17.2 definite, 23 probable ± | 8 | 1.1a | 13.8 | 55.2 | 23 | 14.9 | 3.4 | 5.7 (renal) | |
| HF and LVSD | 74 | 38.5 definite, 12.5 probable ± | 7.7 | 3.8a | 25 | 26 | 10.6 | 6.7 | 1 | 1.9 (renal) | |||
| Taylor60 | 2012 | HF, LVSD | 72 | 32.1 definite ± | 22.6 | 28 | 13.7 | 7.1 | |||||
| HF, no LVSD | 48.4 | 19 definite ± | 12 | 51.6 | 21.2 | 13 | |||||||
| Parashar | 2009 | White women | 51.9 | ||||||||||
| African‐American women | 57.9 | ||||||||||||
| White men | 56 | ||||||||||||
| African‐American men | 45.4 | ||||||||||||
| Singh25 | 2014 | LVSD | 69 | 33.1 | 9.8 | 20.2 | 31 | 8.6 | 14.7 | ||||
| HFpEF | 43 | 15.3 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 57 | 13.6 | 21.2 | ||||||
| Farre73, 74 | 2017 | Overall | 46.2 | 27.1 | 7.5 | 29.6 | 24.2 | ||||||
| HFrEF | 48.1 | 26.3 | 9.9 | 25.9 | 25.9 | ||||||||
| HFmrEF | 45.2 | 26.2 | 5.9 | 32.6 | 22.2 | ||||||||
| HFpEF | 42.3 | 29.5 | 2.7 | 36.7 | 20.9 | ||||||||
| Pascual‐Figal77 | 2017 | HFrEF | 80 | 49.7 | 24.5 | 20 | |||||||
| HFmrEF | 72.7 | 42.2 | 22.7 | 27.3 | |||||||||
| HFpEF | 61.8 | 39.3 | 13.5 | 38.2 | |||||||||
Only studies reporting cause of mortality included. Blank cells indicate data were not reported in the original study. All figures refer to proportion of total mortality within the study. Selected subgroups of both cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular mortality were reported in some studies, meaning in some cases the sum of the subgroup results are not equal to the combined mortality result.
CNS, central nervous system; GI, gastrointestinal; GU, genitourinary; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVSD, left ventricular systolic dysfunction; MI, myocardial infarction.
± HF cases recorded as either 'definite' or 'probable'. In Taylor, 'probable' HF mortality results not reported.
Not specified that all cases of sudden death attributable to cardiac causes.