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. 2019 Dec 18;14(12):e0225540. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225540

Table 3. Outcomes for 9 weeks for all participants by intervention and control group.

Outcomes for Specific Aim 1 (Reduction of Pain)
Variable (range) Intervention Baseline (N = 69) Control Baseline
(N = 69)
Total
(N = 138)
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) P-value Mean (SD)
Average pain (0–10) 6 (2.3) 6 (2.0) 0.61 6 (2.1)
BPI Interference (0–10) 6 (2.8) 5 (2.5) 0.64 6 (2.7)
BPI Severity (0–10) 6 (2.2) 6 (2.2) 0.94 6 (2.2)
Outcome for Specific Aim 2 (Reduction of Depression)
PHQ (0–27) 11 (5.5) 10 (5.7) 0.15 10 (5.6)
Outcomes for Specific Aim 3 (Increase of Pain Self-Efficacy and Reduced Use of Pain Medication)
Pain Self-Efficacy (0–60) 36 (15.7) 34.8 (14.1) 0.68 35 (14.8)
n % n % P-value n %
Pain medication past 7 days 53 77 54 78 0.84 107 78
Secondary Self Report Outcomes
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) P-value Mean (SD)
Perceived Stress Scale (0–16) 7 (3.3) 7 (3.7) 0.85 7 (3.5)
Patient Activation Measure (0–100) 61 (13.6) 62 (16.4) 0.58 62 (15.0)
SF-12 Physical Composite Score (0–100) 36 (10.1) 37 (10.4) 0.68 36 (10.2)
SF-12 Mental Composite Score (0–100) 36 (9.9) 39 (11.4) 0.22 37 (10.7)
Current Opioid Misuse Measure (0–64) 9 (6.4) 8 (6.0) 0.22 9 (6.2)
n % n % P-value n %
Emergency Department Use 6 8 13 16 0.13 19 13