Table 4. Outcomes for 21 weeks for all participants by intervention and control group.

Outcomes for Specific Aim 1 (Reduction of Pain)
Variable (range)	Intervention Baseline (N = 68)		Control Baseline (N = 72)			Total (N = 140)
	Mean (SD)		Mean (SD)		P-value	Mean (SD)
Average pain (0–10)	6 (2.0)		6 (2.0)		0.64	6 (2.0)
BPI Interference (0–10)	6 (2.7)		5 (2.7)		0.046*	5 (2.7)
BPI Severity (0–10)	6 (2.3)		6 (2.0)		0.96	6 (2.1)
Outcome for Specific Aim 2 (Reduction of Depression)
PHQ (0–27)	9 (5.4)		10 (5.9)		0.39	10 (5.7)
Outcomes for Specific Aim 3 (Increase of Pain Self-Efficacy and Reduced Use of Pain Medication)
Pain Self-Efficacy (0–60)	34 (14.7)		38 (13.5)		0.10	36 (14.2)
	n	%	n	%	P-value	n	%
Pain medication past 7 days	49	72	60	83	0.11	109	78
Secondary Self Report Outcomes
	Mean (SD)		Mean (SD)		P-value	Mean (SD)
Perceived Stress Scale (0–16)	7 (3.3)		7 (3.4)		0.83	7 (3.3)
Patient Activation Measure (0–100)	62 (13.5)		63 (16.2)		0.69	62 (14.9)
SF-12 Physical Composite Score (0–100)	33 (11.0)		38 (9.7)		0.006*	36 (10.6)
SF-12 Mental Composite Score (0–100)	41 (11.6)		38 (11.3)		0.19	40 (11.5)
Current Opioid Misuse Measure (0–64)	9 (6.1)		8 (5.2)		0.28	8 (5.6)
	n	%	n	%	P-value	n	%
Emergency Department Use	9	12	9	11	0.86	18	12

*indicates that the results are statistically significant