Table 2. Characteristics of resistant pathogens in repetitive intraoperative samples performed under current antibiotic therapy (Some episodes have mixed new Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections, which we display separately in both lateral columns).

	New Gram-positives		Absence of new germs, n = 91	Absence of new germs, n = 174		New Gram-negatives
n = 283	n = 192	p value*	(Gram-positive)	(Gram-negative)	p value*	n = 109
Female sex	57 (30%)	0.606	701 (32%)	701 (32%)	0.763	36 (33%)
Age (median)	63 years	0.250	56 years	56 years	0.413	59 years
Immunosuppression+	73 (38%)	0.146	732 (33%)	732 (33%)	0.042	50 (46%)
Median numbers of prior debridements	2	0.035	1	1	0.028	2
Prior (amino)penicillin therapy	106 (55%)	0.463	46 (51%)	42 (24%)	0.525	30 (28%)
Prior 1st-3rd generation cephalosporins	21 (11%)	0.789	9 (10%)	20 (11%)	0.537	10 (9%)
Prior glycopeptide & daptomycin therapy	5 (3%)	0.219	5 (5%)	4 (3%)	0.155	6 (6%)
Prior carbapenem & tazobactam therapy	14 (7%)	0.455	9 (10%)	13 (7%)	0.610	10 (9%)
Implant-associated infections	65 (34%)	0.740	29 (32%)	65 (37%)	0.062	29 (27%)
Osteoarticular infection	106 (55%)	0.463	46 (51%)	100 (58%)	0.109	52 (48%)
Initial polymicrobial infections	86 (45%)	0.760	39 (43%)	73 (42%)	0.343	52 (48%)
Initial Gram-positive infections	109 (57%)	0.001	1535 (69%)	1535 (69%)	0.128	68 (62%)
Initial Gram-negative infections	66 (35%)	0.001	413 (19%)	413 (19%)	0.001	37 (34%)
Initial skin commensal infections°	32 (17%)	0.034	256 (12%)	256 (12%)	0.032	20 (18%)

* Significant p values ≤0.05 are displayed in bold and italic.

⁺ Immunosuppression = diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid medication, organ transplantation, cirrhosis CHILD C, dialysis, cancer, untreated HIV disease, alcohol dependency, pregnancy, agranulocytosis, splenectomy

° Skin commensals = coagulase-negative staphylococci, micrococci, corynebacteria or propionibacteria