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(a) Elemental ratios of Ti to Nb in the bulk water samples compared to natural background Ti to Nb ratio (dashed line). (b) Total TiO2 engineered particle concentration in surface waters calculated using Ti to Nb elemental ratios and total Ti concentrations in the bulk water samples. LoD and LoQ indicates the Ti to Nb ratios corresponding to the limit of detection and limit of quantification for TiO2 engineered particles.
