Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and imaging characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Demographic characteristics | Clinical characteristics (patients with schizophrenia only) | Imaging characteristics | Quality score* | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Participants (male), n | Mean age ± SD, yr | Illness duration, mo | PANSS total score | PANSS positive score | PANSS negative score | PANSS general psychopathology score | Scanner | Software | FWHM, mm | Threshold | ||||
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| Schizophrenia | Healthy controls | Schizophrenia | Healthy controls | |||||||||||
| Samples from patients with first-episode schizophrenia | ||||||||||||||
| Chen et al.76 (2017) | 21 (12) | 25 (12) | 26.7 ± 9.4 | 25.8 ± 9.3 | 6.2 ± 5.9 | 83.5 ± 8.1 | 21.8 ± 6.6 | 20.1 ± 5.9 | 39.2 ± 8.9 | 3.0 T | SPM8, DPARSF | 4 | p < 0.001, uncorrected | 9.5 |
| Cui et al.26 (2016)† | 17 (10) | 19 (10) | 21.2 ± 3.9 | 23.8 ± 3.8 | 6.5 ± 6.0 | 106.2 ± 13.9 | 31.1 ± 7.1 | 25.5 ± 3.8 | 49.6 ± 9.3 | 3.0 T | DPARSF | 4 | pAlphaSim < 0.01 | 9.5 |
| 15 (8) | — | 22.5 ± 4.1 | 10.2 ± 18.2 | 88.1 ± 26.2 | 17.9 ± 9.3 | 22.7 ± 10.7 | 47.4 ± 10.4 | |||||||
| Guo et al.18 (2018) | 49 (30) | 50 (23) | 22.7 ± 4.6 | 23.5 ± 2.5 | 22.5 ± 6.7 | 91.3 ± 11.0 | 22.3 ± 5.3 | 22.8 ± 6.9 | 46.2 ± 6.8 | 3.0 T | SPM8, REST | 4 | pGRF < 0.05 | 9.5 |
| Huang et al.69 (2010) | 66 (30) | 66 (30) | 24.2 ± 8.4 | 24.5 ± 8.6 | 8.8 ± 14.1 | 107.2 ± 15.1 | 26.4 ± 5.2 | 20.7 ± 6.3 | 51.3 ± 9.2 | 3.0 T | SPM2, REST | 8 | pCORR < 0.05 | 9.5 |
| Jian et al.71 (2014) | 27 (18) | 22 (14) | 26.4 ± 8.3 | 26.6 ± 4.9 | 13.2 ± 8.3 | 96. 8 ± 12.0 | NA | NA | NA | 3.0 T | SPM8, REST | 4 | pAlphaSim < 0.05 | 9.5 |
| Lei et al.81 (2015) | 124 (61) | 102 (50) | 24.5 ± 6.7 | 24.8 ± 6.9 | 6.9 ± 8.5 | 88.4 ± 17.1 | 15.3 ± 4.3 | 15.7 ± 8.1 | NA | 3.0 T | DPARSF | 6 | pAlphaSim < 0.05 | 10 |
| Li et al.25 (2016) | 20 (6) | 16 (7) | 22.9 ± 8.5 | 22.4 ± 4.4 | 6.4 ± 13.6 | 101.6 ± 12.3 | 25.1 ± 5.7 | 18.8 ± 7.4 | 49.7 ± 7.5 | 3.0 T | SPM8, DPARSF | 8 | pAlphaSim < 0.05 | 9.5 |
| Li et al.21 (2017)† | 41 (23) | 42 (24) | 23.3 ± 6.9 | 23.3 ± 7.3 | 20.2 ± 14.0 | 86.2 ± 15.7 | 25.4 ± 6.2 | 16.5 ± 5.9 | 43.4 ± 9.5 | 1.5 T | REST | 8 | pFWE < 0.05 | 10 |
| 42 (25) | — | 22.9 ± 6.7 | 19.8 ± 13.0 | 85.8 ± 12.8 | 21.6 ± 4.9 | 23.2 ± 5.8 | 41.3 ± 6.4 | |||||||
| Liu et al.15 (2016) | 27 (15) | 27 (18) | 25.4 ± 5.9 | 27.4 ± 7.2 | 18.3 ± 15.8 | 85.8 ± 12.8 | 21.6 ± 4.9 | 23.2 ± 5.8 | 41.3 ± 6.4 | 1.5 T | REST | 8 | pFWE < 0.05 | 10 |
| Lui et al.23 (2010) | 66 (30) | 34 (13) | 24.6 ± 8.5 | 25.0 ± 8.0 | 7.8 ± 12.4 | 104.2 ± 13.9 | 26.9 ± 5.6 | 19.1 ± 6.2 | 49.9 ± 8.1 | 3.0 T | SPM2, REST | 8 | pFWE < 0.05 | 10 |
| Ren et al.14 (2013) | 100 (41) | 100 (41) | 24.3 ± 7.5 | 24.4 ± 7.6 | 6.25 ± 11.0 | 97.9 ± 17.8 | 25.1 ± 6.0 | 18.8 ± 7.7 | 47.6 ± 9.6 | 3.0 T | DPARSF | 8 | pAlphaSim < 0.05 | 9.5 |
| Samples from patients with chronic schizophrenia | ||||||||||||||
| Alonso-Solis et al.78 (2017)† | 19 (13) | 20 (13) | 40.1 ± 8.9 | 37.8 ± 7.4 | 193.3 ± 111.6 | NA | 17.9 ± 4.9 | 21.47 ± 5.9 | 34.2 ± 7.9 | 3.0 T | AFNI | 6 | pCORR < 0.05 | 10 |
| 14 (8) | — | 36.4 ± 7.1 | — | 96.0 ± 74.4 | NA | 11.4 ± 4.3 | 14.4 ± 4.7 | 27.4 ± 5.7 | ||||||
| Cui et al.75 (2016) | 40 (23) | 40 (23) | 27.9 ± 7.6 | 28.3 ± 10.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3.0 T | SPM8, DPARSF | 6 | pAlphaSim < 0.05 | 9.5 |
| Hoptman et al.16 (2010) | 29 (26) | 26 (19) | 36.5 ± 11.0 | 41.9 ± 10.9 | 156.0 ± 86.4 | 76.5 ± 16.6 | 18.4 ± 6.2 | 20.2 ± 6.2 | NA | 1.5 T | AFNI | 6 | p < 0.05, uncorrected | 9.5 |
| Li et al.79 (2017) | 11 (NA) | 10 (NA) | 42.2 ± 8.3 | 46.8 ± 9.1 | 219.2 ± 101.2 | 60.6 ± 9.4 | 12.8 ± 6.1 | 21.3 ± 4.5 | 26.2 ± 2.4 | 3.0 T | SPM8, REST | 6 | pAlphaSim < 0.05 | 8 |
| Liang et al.72 (2014) | 36 (NA) | 19 (NA) | 33.2 ± 9.9 | 30.0 ± 7.3 | 100.2 ± 84.5 | 80.4 ± 12.1 | 20.0 ± 4.0 | 15.8 ± 3.7 | NA | 3.0 T | SPM8, DPARSF | 4 | pAlphaSim < 0.01 | 8.5 |
| Liu et al.70 (2010) | 13 (8) | 18 (9) | 24.1 ± 4.4 | 25.4 ± 2.2 | 27.3 ± 15.7 | NA | 79.5 ± 16.9 | 79.5 ± 16.9 | NA | 3.0 T | SPM5 | 4 | p < 0.001, uncorrected | 9 |
| Lui et al.28 (2015) | 37 (22) | 59 (26) | 36.0 ± 14.0 | 38.0 ± 17.0 | 177.7 ± 143.9 | 71.2 ± 15.5 | 18.2 ± 4.8 | 18.3 ± 6.5 | 34.7 ± 7.4 | 3.0 T | SPM8, REST | 8 | pAlphaSim < 0.05 | 9 |
| Ma et al.74 (2016)† | 95 (51) | 99 (43) | 32.4 ± 6.1 | 30.9 ± 9.7 | 102.6 ± 89.2 | 72.6 ± 23.4 | 17.2 ± 7.3 | 20.9 ± 9.2 | 34.6 ± 10.6 | 3.0 T | SPM8 | 8 | pFWE < 0.05 | 8.5 |
| 95 (44) | 99 (56) | 34.9 ± 10.5 | 36.3 ± 11.5 | 135.1 ± 95.3 | 70.2 ± 22.9 | 16.5 ± 8.5 | 19.6 ± 8.6 | 34.2 ± 11.2 | ||||||
| Salvador et al.77 (2017) | 116 (81) | 122 (82) | 36.8 ± 11.1 | 36.51 ± 10.7 | 178.6 ± 143.4 | 69.2 ± 18.6 | 16.6 ± 5.6 | 19.6 ± 6.8 | 33.1 ± 9.2 | 1.5 T | FSL | NA | pFWE < 0.05 | 9.5 |
| Tan et al.80 (2017) | 32 (NA) | 32 (NA) | 29.4 ± 10.6 | 30.0 ± 10.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3.0 T | SPM8, REST | 6 | pAlphaSim < 0.05 | 9 |
| Turner et al.17 (2013) | 146 (111) | 160 (114) | 38.0 ± 11.3 | 37.0 ± 10.4 | 205.1 (24–456)‡ | 57.6 (37–88)‡ | 15.0 (8–25)‡ | 14.4 (7–29)‡ | 28.1 (18–43)‡ | 3.0 T | SPM5, REST | 8 | pFDR < 0.05 | 9 |
| Yang et al.73 (2014) | 9 (NA) | 9 (NA) | 23.2 ± 4.2 | NA | >60 | 83.9 ± 11.0 | 14.8 ± 2.6 | 27.7 ± 6.3 | NA | 3.0 T | SPM8, DPARSF | 4 | pAlphaSim < 0.05 | 8 |
| Yu et al.27 (2014) | 69 (NA) | 62 (NA) | 31.7 ± 9.6 | 29.9 ± 8.6 | 85.2 ± 78.0 | 52.9 ± 16.8 | 12.1 ± 4.7 | 13.4 ± 6.1 | 27.4 ± 9.6 | 3.0 T | SPM5, REST | NA | pFWE < 0.05 | 9.5 |
AFNI = analysis of functional neuroimage software; DPARSF = data processing assistant for resting-state fMRI software; FDR = false discovery rate; FSL = functional MRI of the brain’s software library; FWE = family-wise error; FWHM = full width at half maximum; GRF = Gaussian random field; NA = not available; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; REST = the resting-state fMRI data analysis toolkit; SD = standard deviation; SPM = statistical parametric mapping.
Data are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
*
Quality score out of 10.
†
Two data sets included.
‡
Range.