Table 2.
Cellular uptake regulated by NPs' surface chemistry.
| Composition | Size | Surface chemistry/Zeta potential/LogP | Cell line | Cellular uptake level | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold | 18, 35, 65 nm | Ethanediamine, glucosamine, hydroxypropylamine, taurine, linear PEG | Primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells | Ethanediamine>the rest decorations | Freese et al., 2012 |
| Gold | 33 × 30 nm, 55 × 14 nm | Poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (50 mV), CTAB (40 mV), polystyrene sulfonate (−40 mV) | MCF-7 | Poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride)>CTAB>polystyrene sulfonate | Qiu et al., 2010 |
| Gold | 40, 80 nm | Polyethyleneimine (63.1 mV), lipoic acid (−73.3 mV) | HUVECs | Polyethyleneimine>lipoic acid | Chandran et al., 2017 |
| Gold | 10, 20, 40 nm | Cysteamine (26.33 to 47.12 mV), citrate (-29.28 to −38.4 mV), cysteine (0.13 to −0.92 mV) | Monocytes and macrophages | Cysteamine>(citrate, cysteine) | Oh and Park, 2014 |
| Gold | 15, 45 nm | Poly(allyamine hydrochloride) (20.9, 30.1 mV), PEG (−2.1, −1.0 mV) | SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells | Poly(allyamine hydrochloride)>PEG | Cho et al., 2010 |
| Gold | 20 nm | Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH, 16.6 mV), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine/1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (L-PAH 48.7 mV, HL −51.9 mV) | Human dermal fibroblast cells | PAH>(L-PAH, HL) | Yang et al., 2014 |
| Gold | 6 nm | Lipoic acid and derivatives (−40 mV to 60 mV) | HeLa, HEK293, and A549 | Positively correlated with positive charge density | Su et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2018 |
| Gold | 6 nm | Derivatives of lipoic acid (zeta potential: −5 mV to −20 mV, LogP: −2.7 to 2.4) | HEK293, A549, THP-1 | Hydrophobic GNP>hydrophilic GNP | Li et al., 2015a; Sun et al., 2018 |
| TiO2 | 50–65 × 8 nm | NH2 (35.2 mV), COOH (-20.9 mV) | Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | NH2 >COOH | Shrestha et al., 2016 |
| TiO2 | 300 nm | PEG, pristine | A549, H1299 | Pristine>PEG | Tedja et al., 2012 |
| TiO2 | length: 50–65 nm, width: 8 nm | PEG (−25.8 mV), NH2 (35.2 mV), COOH (−20.9 mV) | Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | (NH2, COOH)>PEG | Shrestha et al., 2016 |
| ZnO | 15 nm | 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine) (DOPC), NH2 | HeLa | DOPC>NH2 | Dumontel et al., 2017 |
| ZnO | 10–30 nm | 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTES), pristine | HepG2 | 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTES)>pristine | Bartczak et al., 2015 |
| ZnO | 39 nm | APTES (40 mV), pristine (30 mV) | THP-1 and differentiated THP-1 cells | APTES = pristine | Luo et al., 2014 |
| ZnO | 39 nm | PEG (10 mV), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, 40 mV) | THP-1, differentiated THP-1 | APTES>PEG | Luo et al., 2014 |
| Silica | 20, 30, 50, 80 nm | Amine, L-Ser, pristine | A549 | Amine>(L-Ser, pristine) | Ojea-Jiménez et al., 2016 |
| Silica | 50 nm | NH2 (25 mV), COOH (−42 mV) | RAW264.7 | NH2 = COOH | Kurtz-Chalot et al., 2017 |
| Silica | 50 nm | PEG (−29 mV), COOH (−42 mV), NH2 (25 mV) | RAW264.7 | (COOH, NH2)>PEG | Kurtz-Chalot et al., 2017 |
| Iron oxide | 20 nm | PEG (−29.74 mV) | HUVECs, macrophages | Inhibited cellular uptake | Orlando et al., 2015 |
| Iron oxide | 150 nm | Carboxymethyl dextran (CMX, −11.6 mV), PEG (−10.6 mV) | Microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, neural stem cells | CMX>PEG | Jenkins et al., 2016 |
| SWCNTs | Length: 240 nm | NH2 (52.8 mV), COOH (−66.8 mV) | HeLa | NH2 >COOH | Budhathoki-Uprety et al., 2017 |
| MWCNTs | Diameter: 10–20 nm, length: 5–15 μm | COOH (−31.93 mV), pristine (−14.97 mV) | RAW264.7 | COOH>pristine | Zhang T. et al., 2019 |
| MWCNTs | Diameter: 10–20 nm, length: 5–15 μm | PEG (−15.6 mV), pristine (−14.97 mV) | RAW264.7 | Pristine>PEG | Zhang T. et al., 2019 |
| Cellulose | 10–20 × 120–300 nm | Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC, 8.7 mV), FITC (−46.4 mV) | HEK293 | RBITC>FITC | Mahmoud et al., 2010 |
| Polymer | <100 nm | Poly[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate], PEO | Telo-RF | Poly[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate]>PEO | De Castro et al., 2018 |
| PLGA | 170 nm | PEI (40 mV), BSA (−20 mV) | Human endothelial cells (CRL-1730) | PEI>BSA | Yu et al., 2012 |
| Polystyrene | 100 nm | NH2 (56 mV), COOH (−46 mV) | THP-1 | NH2 = COOH | Lunov et al., 2011 |
| QDs | 6 nm | Lipoic acid (−15 mV) and derivatives (zwitterionic −5 mV, cationic 20 mV) | HeLa | (Cationic, anionic)>zwitterionic | Park et al., 2011 |