Table 3.
Oxidative stress regulated by NPs' surface chemistry.
| Composition | Size | Surface chemistry/Zeta potential/LogP | Cell line | Oxidative stress level | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold | 6 nm | Lipoic acid and derivatives (−40 mV to 60 mV) | HEK293, A549 | Positively correlated with positive charge density | Sun et al., 2018 |
| Gold | 55.7 × 13.2 nm | PEI, poly sodium-p-styrene sulfonate (PSS) | A549 | PEI>PSS | Liu et al., 2016 |
| Gold | 6 nm | Derivatives of lipoic acid (zeta potential: −5 mV to −20 mV, LogP: −2.7 to 2.4) | HEK293, A549 | Hydrophobic GNP>hydrophilic GNP | Sun et al., 2018 |
| Gold | 2 nm | Hydrophobic alkyl ends | HeLa | Positively correlated with the length of alkyl | Chompoosor et al., 2010 |
| ZnO | 29 nm | Pristine (4.49 mV), oleic acid (10.15 mV), poly(methacrylic acid) (-40.21 mV) | WIL2-NS human 364 lymphoblastoid cells | Pristine>[oleic acid, poly(methacrylic acid)] | Yin et al., 2010 |
| ZnO | 98 nm | 3-Aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES, 11.1 mV), pristine (-30.4 mV) | A549, human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) | APTES>pristine | Keleştemur et al., 2017 |
| Iron oxide | 70 nm | Glucose, citric acid | CT26 colorectal cancer cells | Glucose>citric acid | Wydra et al., 2015 |
| TiO2 | 60 × 80 nm | Pristine (21.4 mV), NH2 (35.2 mV), COOH (-20.9 mV) | Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | (Pristine, NH2)>COOH | Shrestha et al., 2016 |
| Silica | 45 nm | 3-trihydroxysilyl)propylmethyl-phosphonate (THPMP, −52 mV), N-Trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (TMAC, 38.9 mV) | RAW264.7 | THPMP>TMAC | Liu T.-P. et al., 2015 |
| Silica | 50 nm | Hydrophobic linker/ hydrophilic linker (-1.53 mV to −13.6 mV) | RAW264.7 | Hydrophobic linker>hydrophilic linker | Chen et al., 2017 |
| MWCNTs | N.A. | COOH, neutral ligand | Macrophage | COOH>neutral ligand | Gao et al., 2011 |
| MWCNTs | Diameter: 20–30 nm | COOH, pristine | HUVECs | COOH = pristine | Long et al., 2018 |
| Graphene | <50 nm | Graphene oxide (−8.3 mV), carboxyl grapheme (−55.1 mV) | HepG2 | Graphene oxide = carboxyl grapheme | Lammel et al., 2013 |
| Graphene | 200 nm | PEI (40.4 mV), pristine (−7.36 mV) | macrophage | PEI>pristine | Luo et al., 2015 |
| Nanodiamonds | 5 nm | OH (−12.2 mV), pristine (1 mV) | A549 | OH = pristine | Solarska-Sciuk et al., 2014 |
| Nanodiamonds | 6–7 nm | NH3+ (0.3 mV), COOH (−37.3 mV) | Rat bone mesenchymal stem cells | NH3+ >COOH | Zhang Y. et al., 2019 |
| Nanodiamonds | 50–60 nm | COOH (−25 mV), PVP (−15 mV), OH (−10 mV), imidazolium (IM, 10 mV), tertiary methyl ammonium ethyl methacrylate cation (TMAEA, 20 mV) | HeLa | IM>TMAEA>COOH, PVP, OH) | Vankayala et al., 2014 |
| Polystyrene | 50 nm | NH2 (43 mV), COOH (−46.7 mV), pristine (−50.5 mV) | Human alveolar epithelial type I-like cells (TT1), primary human alveolar macrophages, primary human alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells | NH2 >(COOH, pristine) for the first two cell lines. NH2 = COOH = pristine for the last cell line | Ruenraroengsak and Tetley, 2015 |
| Polystyrene | 60 nm | NH2 (40.3 mV), COOH (−27.6 mV) | RAW264.7 | NH2 >COOH | Xia et al., 2006 |
N.A., not available.