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. 2019 Dec 12;10:1493. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01493

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Copyright © 2019 Ramalingam, Budin, Mohd. Fauzi, Ritchie and Zainalabidin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Nicotine dysregulates systemic and cardiac angiotensin system. Levels of ANG II in the (A) blood plasma and (B) left ventricular (LV) tissues; relative gene expression of (C) ACE, (D) ACE2, (E) AT1, (F) AT2 normalized to 18S housekeeping gene, as well as (G) ratio of ACE : ACE2 and (H) ratio of AT1:AT2 in LV after 4 weeks of nicotine administration in rats. All values are given as mean ± SEM for n = 6 –7/group; *P < 0.05 vs. vehicle and ^# P < 0.05 vs. nicotine group using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test. NS, no significant difference.