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. 2019 Dec 18;9:19402. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55294-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effective BBB opening confirmation using T1-weighted contrast enhanced MRI and PCD measurements. (A) Representative axial MRI images showing enhancement in both targeted regions. Representative coronal MRI images showing enhancement in the (B) substantia nigra and in the (C) striatum. All MRI sequences were acquired approximately 40 min after injection of gadodiamide and qualitatively confirmed contrast enhancements in the targeted locations. (D) Cavitation dose for stable cavitation from harmonics (SCDh) and ultraharmonics (SCDu) as well as inertial cavitation dose (ICD) during one sonication (E) Measured stable and inertial cavitation for all mice receiving FUS induced BBB opening (n = 13). Cavitation dose with microbubbles was normalized to cavitation dose without microbubbles.